Salmonella contamination in chicken meat was studied with 100 chicken meat samples purchased from 55 shops located in various regions. A total of 21 isolates of Salmonella enterica were isolated from 21 chicken meat samples from four shops located at open markets, whereas there were none from superm...
Salmonella contamination in chicken meat was studied with 100 chicken meat samples purchased from 55 shops located in various regions. A total of 21 isolates of Salmonella enterica were isolated from 21 chicken meat samples from four shops located at open markets, whereas there were none from supermarkets with well-equipped cold systems. Among these, 18 isolates were identified as Salmonella enterica serotype Haardt (S. Haardt) and three isolates were S. enterica serotype Muenchen. When the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the S. Haardt isolates were assayed with the agar dilution method to determine susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid, all 18 isolates were resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid and nine of these were resistant to ampicillin. These isolates showed reduced susceptibility to eight fluoroquinolones including ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin. When quinolone resistance determining regions of gyrA and gyrB were sequenced, every isolate had the same missense mutation Ser83$\rightarrow$Tyr (TCC$\rightarrow$+TAC) in gyrA, whereas no mutation was found in gyrB. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with XbaI revealed a close relationship among these isolates, suggesting a contamination of raw chicken meat with clonal spread of nalidixic acid-resistant and quinolone-reduced susceptibility S. Haardt in chickens. Results in this study show the importance of a well-equipped cold system and the prudent use of fluoroquinolone in chickens to prevent the occurrence of quinolone-resistant isolates.
Salmonella contamination in chicken meat was studied with 100 chicken meat samples purchased from 55 shops located in various regions. A total of 21 isolates of Salmonella enterica were isolated from 21 chicken meat samples from four shops located at open markets, whereas there were none from supermarkets with well-equipped cold systems. Among these, 18 isolates were identified as Salmonella enterica serotype Haardt (S. Haardt) and three isolates were S. enterica serotype Muenchen. When the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the S. Haardt isolates were assayed with the agar dilution method to determine susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid, all 18 isolates were resistant to tetracycline and nalidixic acid and nine of these were resistant to ampicillin. These isolates showed reduced susceptibility to eight fluoroquinolones including ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin. When quinolone resistance determining regions of gyrA and gyrB were sequenced, every isolate had the same missense mutation Ser83$\rightarrow$Tyr (TCC$\rightarrow$+TAC) in gyrA, whereas no mutation was found in gyrB. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis with XbaI revealed a close relationship among these isolates, suggesting a contamination of raw chicken meat with clonal spread of nalidixic acid-resistant and quinolone-reduced susceptibility S. Haardt in chickens. Results in this study show the importance of a well-equipped cold system and the prudent use of fluoroquinolone in chickens to prevent the occurrence of quinolone-resistant isolates.
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제안 방법
) at 12℃ for 20 h with an initial pulse for 5 sec and a final pulse for 40 sec with 6 V/cm and at an angle of 120° using lambda DNA marker (Sigma) as a DNA molecular weight marker. After DNA bands were stained with ethidium bromide, DNA banding patterns were analyzed by using Gel Compar II software (Applied Maths, Kortrijk, Belgium) to calculate Jaccard coefficients of correlation and to generate a dendrogram by the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) clustering.
). Genomic DNAs in the plug were digested with 20 Unit Xbal (MB1 Fermentas, Hanover, MD, U.S.A.) and the digested genomic DNA fragments were separated in the CHEF-DR Ⅲ system (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA, U.S.A.) at 12℃ for 20 h with an initial pulse for 5 sec and a final pulse for 40 sec with 6 V/cm and at an angle of 120° using lambda DNA marker (Sigma) as a DNA molecular weight marker. After DNA bands were stained with ethidium bromide, DNA banding patterns were analyzed by using Gel Compar II software (Applied Maths, Kortrijk, Belgium) to calculate Jaccard coefficients of correlation and to generate a dendrogram by the unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) clustering.
Suspected red colonies were serotyped [10] using Salmonella antisera (Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan). These isolates were identified using the VITEK GNI (bioMerieux, Marcy 1'Etoile, France), Easy 24E plus (KOMED, Sung-nam, Korea), or API 20E (bioMerieux) identification systems and 16S rRNA sequencing. Isolates of Salmonella spp.
이론/모형
The QRDR for gyrB was amplified with a primer set (5-ACTGGCGGACTGTCAGGAAC-3' and 5'-TCTGACGATAGAAG-AAGGTCAAC-3') with pre-denaturation at 95℃ for 5 min, and 30 cycles of 1 min at 95℃, 20 sec at 53℃, and 1 min at 72℃, expecting a DNA fragment with 300 bp. After resulting DNA fragments were confirmed on a 1% agarose gel, they were extracted from the gel and purified with the Gel Extraction kit (Qiaquick; Qiagen, Wlencia, CA, U.S.A.) and sequenced with Sanger's method [34] in an ABI Prism 310 Genetic Analyzer (PE Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, U.S.A.)- As a control strain, S. enterica serotype Typhimurium NCTC 74 was used.
Minimal inhibitoiy concentrations (MICs) were assayed by the standard agar dilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratoiy Standard Institute's (CLSI) guidelines [6] to measure the susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and eight fluoroquinolones including ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin. Mueller-Hinton agar (BBL, Cockeysville, MD, U.
성능/효과
In this study, antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella isolates were isolated from chicken meat and their antimicrobial resistance and similarity among these isolates were characterized.
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