대부분 척수손상 모델에서의 척수 손상 정도 평가는 자기공명 영상 등을 통한 유발 후 평가를 실시하고 있으며, 유발 전 평가를 위해 풍선 카테타에 주입된 공기 양을 기준한 예가 있으나 종 특이성과 개체 차이를 고려하지 못하는 단점이 있다. 이러한 단점을 극복한 척수손상 기준모델을 제시하기 위해 본 실험을 실시하였다. 방사선 평가를 통해 요추 1 번 척수강 높이가 8 mm로 측정된 임상적으로 건강한 비글견 8 마리를 풍선카테타의 직경과 척수 압박시간을 기준으로 4개 군 (4 mm/3 시간, 4 mm/6 시간, 4 mm/12 시간 그리고 6 mm/3 시간)으로 구분하였다. 손상 정도는 행동 관찰, 자기공명영상 해석, 체성감각유발전위평가 그리고 병리조직검사를 실시하여 평가하였다. 실험결과, 행동평가와 체성감각유발전위평가는 단지 손상 유발 여부만 지시할 뿐 정도 평가에는 유용하지 못하였다. 자기공명영상 평가에서 척수손상 부위는 단시간반전회복영상과 T2강조영상에서 불균질한 고신호강도 영역으로 관찰되었다. 고신호강도 영역은 삽입된 풍선 직경과 압박시간 증가에 따라 보다 확장되어 관찰되었으며, 이러한 소견은 공포화 등의 손상부위 증가와 카스파제-3 및 PARP 면역반응 세포의 수적 증가로 나타난 병리조직검사 결과와 일치하였다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 정형화된 척수손상 모델 유발을 위한 척수강 직경과 풍선카테타 직경 그리고 압박시간의 변수 이용과 손상 정도 평가를 위해 자기공명영상은 매우 유용할 것으로 판단된다.
대부분 척수손상 모델에서의 척수 손상 정도 평가는 자기공명 영상 등을 통한 유발 후 평가를 실시하고 있으며, 유발 전 평가를 위해 풍선 카테타에 주입된 공기 양을 기준한 예가 있으나 종 특이성과 개체 차이를 고려하지 못하는 단점이 있다. 이러한 단점을 극복한 척수손상 기준모델을 제시하기 위해 본 실험을 실시하였다. 방사선 평가를 통해 요추 1 번 척수강 높이가 8 mm로 측정된 임상적으로 건강한 비글견 8 마리를 풍선카테타의 직경과 척수 압박시간을 기준으로 4개 군 (4 mm/3 시간, 4 mm/6 시간, 4 mm/12 시간 그리고 6 mm/3 시간)으로 구분하였다. 손상 정도는 행동 관찰, 자기공명영상 해석, 체성감각유발전위평가 그리고 병리조직검사를 실시하여 평가하였다. 실험결과, 행동평가와 체성감각유발전위평가는 단지 손상 유발 여부만 지시할 뿐 정도 평가에는 유용하지 못하였다. 자기공명영상 평가에서 척수손상 부위는 단시간반전회복영상과 T2강조영상에서 불균질한 고신호강도 영역으로 관찰되었다. 고신호강도 영역은 삽입된 풍선 직경과 압박시간 증가에 따라 보다 확장되어 관찰되었으며, 이러한 소견은 공포화 등의 손상부위 증가와 카스파제-3 및 PARP 면역반응 세포의 수적 증가로 나타난 병리조직검사 결과와 일치하였다. 이러한 결과로 미루어 정형화된 척수손상 모델 유발을 위한 척수강 직경과 풍선카테타 직경 그리고 압박시간의 변수 이용과 손상 정도 평가를 위해 자기공명영상은 매우 유용할 것으로 판단된다.
Previous studies could not offer available guideline to decide size of balloon and grade of injury before induction of spinal cord injury (SCI) because grade of SCI was assessed after inserting a catheter and each experimental animal were different in body size and weight as well as in species. This...
Previous studies could not offer available guideline to decide size of balloon and grade of injury before induction of spinal cord injury (SCI) because grade of SCI was assessed after inserting a catheter and each experimental animal were different in body size and weight as well as in species. This study was performed to provide guideline for standardized SCI model. Eight healthy adult beagle dogs that had 8 mm of spinal canal height were assigned to four groups according to the diameter of balloon and compression time: 4 mm/3hrs, 4 mm/6hrs, 4 mm/12hrs and 6 mm/3hrs group. Radiography was performed to standardize between experimental animal and balloon before selecting balloon diameter to induce SCI. Behaviors outcomes, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathological examination were evaluated. Behaviors outcomes and SEPs were not available to assess grade of SCI and those only indicate SCI. The damaged area was revealed clear hyperintensity on STIR image and T2WI after induction of SCI. The hyperintense area on MRI was cranially and caudally expanded with increasing of the diameter of balloon or the compression time. Well corresponded to expanding of hyperintense area on MRI, the damaged region and the numbers of caspase-3 and PARP immunoreactive cells were increased on histopathological findings. Therefore, these results will be considered fundamental data to induce standardized SCI model in experimental animal that has various weight and size.
Previous studies could not offer available guideline to decide size of balloon and grade of injury before induction of spinal cord injury (SCI) because grade of SCI was assessed after inserting a catheter and each experimental animal were different in body size and weight as well as in species. This study was performed to provide guideline for standardized SCI model. Eight healthy adult beagle dogs that had 8 mm of spinal canal height were assigned to four groups according to the diameter of balloon and compression time: 4 mm/3hrs, 4 mm/6hrs, 4 mm/12hrs and 6 mm/3hrs group. Radiography was performed to standardize between experimental animal and balloon before selecting balloon diameter to induce SCI. Behaviors outcomes, somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathological examination were evaluated. Behaviors outcomes and SEPs were not available to assess grade of SCI and those only indicate SCI. The damaged area was revealed clear hyperintensity on STIR image and T2WI after induction of SCI. The hyperintense area on MRI was cranially and caudally expanded with increasing of the diameter of balloon or the compression time. Well corresponded to expanding of hyperintense area on MRI, the damaged region and the numbers of caspase-3 and PARP immunoreactive cells were increased on histopathological findings. Therefore, these results will be considered fundamental data to induce standardized SCI model in experimental animal that has various weight and size.
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제안 방법
(17) reported that T1 and T2WI had the poorest diagnostic performance; STIR images were best for predicting hemorrhage and axonal injury. Accordingly, T1 and T2WI, enhanced T1WI and STIR image were use to compare with histopathologic findings in this study. As Purdy et al.
Behaviors outcomes, SEPs, and MRI of all groups were examined at pre-experiment day, day 1 and week 1 after induction of SCI.
For this reason, this study was attempted to provide guideline for standardized SCI model. In this study, diameter of balloon that was not volume of inflation, the height of spinal canal and duration of compression were used as parameter that decide grade of SCI and behavior outcome, somatosensory evoked potential (SEPs), MRI and histopathological examination were performed to assess degree of SCI.
For this reason, this study was attempted to provide guideline for standardized SCI model. In this study, diameter of balloon that was not volume of inflation, the height of spinal canal and duration of compression were used as parameter that decide grade of SCI and behavior outcome, somatosensory evoked potential (SEPs), MRI and histopathological examination were performed to assess degree of SCI.
In this study, guideline to standardize canine SCI model was produced as balloon diameter was selected by radiography and results was compared each others. In previous studies, SCO that measured on MRI or CT or volume of balloon were used as important indicator to induce gradable SCI model (8-10,16,17).
Behaviors outcomes and SEPs were not available to assess grade of SCI and those only indicate SCI. The Olby scoring system that was modified for dogs from BBB open field scoring system (3) was used to assess behavior outcomes in this study. Olby scores of all groups except 4 mm/3hrs were 1.
This study could establish regular standard between experimental animal and balloon as performing radiography to select balloon diameter before induction of SCI. The two different balloon diameters that were half and three quarter diameter of height of spinal canal were used in this study. Each size caused different results corresponding to ration between balloon diameter and height of spinal canal on MRI and histopathologic findings.
The previous guideline, however, could not give information about SCI grade before performing MRI or CT or did not consider species and size of each experimental animal. This study could establish regular standard between experimental animal and balloon as performing radiography to select balloon diameter before induction of SCI. The two different balloon diameters that were half and three quarter diameter of height of spinal canal were used in this study.
This study have provided the guideline to induce standardized SCI model as using radiographic parameter before induction of SCI and comparing MRI with histopathological findings. The ratio of total damaged region on histopatholofical findings was well corresponded to the diameter of balloon that was selected by radiograpy or the compression time.
대상 데이터
A 5-F angioballoon catheter (ATB® advance® PTA Dilatation Catheter, COOK®, USA) was used in this study.
5-T superconducting magnet (General Electric Medical Systems Division, Milwaukee, WI). T1WI (TR/TE, 500/9.6; slice thickness, 4 mm; spacing 0.4 mm) and T2WI (TR/TE, 3500/110; slice thickness, 4 mm; spacing 0.4 mm) and STIR images (TR/TE/TI, 4475/50/140; slice thickness, 4 mm; spacing 0.4 mm) were obtained after deflation of the balloon. Gadodiamide (Omniscan®, Nycomed Amersham, Norway) enhanced T1WI was obtained and compared with the nonenhanced.
A 5-F angioballoon catheter (ATB® advance® PTA Dilatation Catheter, COOK®, USA) was used in this study. The balloons were 4 mm or 6 mm diameter and 4 cm in length. The dogs were assigned to four groups according to diameter of balloon and duration of compression: 4 mm/3hrs (n = 2), 4 mm/6hrs (n = 2), 4 mm/12hrs (n = 2), 6 mm/3hrs (n = 2) group.
성능/효과
In this study, the severe deconstructions and cavity formations were detected as results of induction of SCI; the histopathological severities were increased from 50% to 75% with compression times and balloon size. Total damaged region was 50% of histological field in 4 mm/3hrs group but that was 75% in 4 mm/12hrs and 6 mm/3hrs groups.
In this study, the severe deconstructions and cavity formations were detected as results of induction of SCI; the histopathological severities were increased from 50% to 75% with compression times and balloon size. Total damaged region was 50% of histological field in 4 mm/3hrs group but that was 75% in 4 mm/12hrs and 6 mm/3hrs groups. Well corresponded to the histopathological changes, the numbers of caspase-3 and PARP immunoreactive cells that were apoptotic markers, were increased with compression times and balloon sizes in both gray and white matters (Table 1 and Fig 2).
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