Sillapapiromsuk, S.
(Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University)
,
Chantara, S.
(Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University)
This study aims to determine the chemical composition and seasonal variation of atmospheric acid deposition in order to identify possible sources contributing to precipitation. Sampling and analysis of 132 wet deposition samples were carried out from January to December 2008 at Mae Hia Research Cent...
This study aims to determine the chemical composition and seasonal variation of atmospheric acid deposition in order to identify possible sources contributing to precipitation. Sampling and analysis of 132 wet deposition samples were carried out from January to December 2008 at Mae Hia Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai Province. Total precipitation was 1,286.7 mm. Mean electro-conductivity and pH values were 0.94 mS/m and 6.27, respectively. Major cations ($Na^+$, ${NH_4}^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$) and major anions ($HCOO^-$, $CH_3COO^-$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$) were determined by Ion Chromatography. The relative volume weight mean concentrations of anions, in descending order, were ${SO_4}^{2-}$ > ${NO_3}^-$ > $Cl^-$ > $CH_3COO^-$ > $HCOO^-$ and those of cations were $NH_4^+$ > $Ca^{2+}$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $K^{+}$ > $Na^+$. Results of a principle component analysis highlighted the influence of various possible sources of ions such as agricultural activity, fuel combustion, marine sources, soil resuspension, and biomass burning.
This study aims to determine the chemical composition and seasonal variation of atmospheric acid deposition in order to identify possible sources contributing to precipitation. Sampling and analysis of 132 wet deposition samples were carried out from January to December 2008 at Mae Hia Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai Province. Total precipitation was 1,286.7 mm. Mean electro-conductivity and pH values were 0.94 mS/m and 6.27, respectively. Major cations ($Na^+$, ${NH_4}^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$) and major anions ($HCOO^-$, $CH_3COO^-$, $Cl^-$, ${NO_3}^-$, and ${SO_4}^{2-}$) were determined by Ion Chromatography. The relative volume weight mean concentrations of anions, in descending order, were ${SO_4}^{2-}$ > ${NO_3}^-$ > $Cl^-$ > $CH_3COO^-$ > $HCOO^-$ and those of cations were $NH_4^+$ > $Ca^{2+}$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $K^{+}$ > $Na^+$. Results of a principle component analysis highlighted the influence of various possible sources of ions such as agricultural activity, fuel combustion, marine sources, soil resuspension, and biomass burning.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
제안 방법
In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the various sources of ion composition of the wet depositions. A varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization of Principle Components Analysis by SPSS program (version 14; SPSS Inc.
45 µm cellulose acetate filter paper and stored in the dark at 4℃ until ion analysis was performed. Inorganic cations (Na+, NH4+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and anions (HCOO-, CH3COO-, Cl-, NO3-, and SO42-) in the rainwater samples were analyzed by Ion Chromatograph (Metrohm, Herisau, Switzerland). Hydrogen ion (H+) concentrations were derived from pH values [16].
대상 데이터
The sampling site is located at a meteorological station in the area of Mae Hia Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Muang District, Chiang Mai Province (Fig. 1). It is bounded by longitude 98° 55’ 54.
This study of the chemical composition of rainwater was carried out in the northern part of Thailand from January to December 2008. NH4+ and SO42- were the dominant cation and anion found in the wet deposition in this area.
데이터처리
In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to determine the various sources of ion composition of the wet depositions. A varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization of Principle Components Analysis by SPSS program (version 14; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the determination of factors underlying the inter-correlations between the measured species. Pearson correlation (r) was used for data analysis to identify relationships between ionic species in rainwater.
성능/효과
The corresponding values for the major cations are given in Table 1. NH4+ was found to have the highest neutralization effect, with Ca2+ having the second highest, while the contribution of Na+ and Mg2+ to the overall neutralization process was very low.
crustal origin). Other relatively good correlations were observed between NH4+ and NO3-, Mg2+ and Cl-, Ca2+ and NO3-, and NH4+ and SO42-.
참고문헌 (25)
Kirby CS, McInerney B, Turner MD. Groundtruthing and potential for predicting acid deposition impacts in headwater streams using bedrock geology, GIS, angling, and stream chemistry. Sci. Total Environ. 2008;393:249-261.
Munger JW. Chemistry of atmospheric precipitation in the north-central United States: Influence of sulfate, nitrate, ammonia and calcareous soil particulates. Atmos. Environ. 1982;16:1633-1645.
Al-Momani IF, Tuncel S, Eler U, Ortel E, Sirin G, Tuncel G. Major ion composition of wet and dry deposition in the eastern Mediterranean basin. Sci. Total Environ. 1995;164:75-85.
Plaisance H, Galloo JC, Guillermo R. Source identification and variation in the chemical composition of precipitation at two rural sites in France. Sci. Total Environ. 1997;206:79-93.
Strayer H, Smith R, Mizak C, Poor N. Influence of air mass origin on the wet deposition of nitrogen to Tampa Bay, Florida-An eight-year study. Atmos. Environ. 2007;41:4310-4322.
Andre F, Jonard M, Ponette Q. Influence of meteorological factors and polluting environment on rain chemistry and wet deposition in a rural area near Chimay, Belgium. Atmos. Environ. 2007;41:1426-1439.
Lee BK, Hong SH, Lee DS. Chemical composition of precipitation and wet deposition of major ions on the Korean peninsula. Atmos. Environ. 2000;34:563-575.
Higashino H, Tonooka Y, Yanagisawa Y, Ikeda Y. Emission inventoryof SO2, and NOx in East Asia with grid data system. In: Murano K, ed. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Unification of Monitoring Protocol of Acid Deposition and Standardization of Emission Inventory; Tsukuba, Japan; 1997. p. 124-144.
Balasubramanian R, Victor T, Begum R. Impact of biomass burning on rainwater acidity and composition in Singapore. J. Geophys. Res. D: Atmos. 1999;104:26881-26890.
Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET). Technical Documents for Wet Deposition Monitoring in East Asia; 2000. Available from: http://www.eanet.cc/product/techwet.pdf
Chantara S, Chunsuk N. Comparison of wet-only and bulk deposition at Chiang Mai (Thailand) based on rainwater chemical composition. Atmos. Environ. 2008;42:5511-5518.
Huang DY, Xu YG, Peng P, Zhang HH, Lan JB. Chemical composition and seasonal variation of acid deposition in Guangzhou, South China: Comparison with precipitation in other major Chinese cities. Environ. Pollut. 2009;157:35-41.
Zhang M, Wang S, Wu F, Yuan X, Zhang Y. Chemical compositions of wet precipitation and anthropogenic influences at a developing urban site in southeastern China. Atmos. Res. 2007;84:311-322.
Saarikoski S, Sillanpaa M, Sofiev M, et al. Chemical composition of aerosols during a major biomass burning episode over northern Europe in spring 2006: Experimental and modelling assessments. Atmos. Environ. 2007;41:3577-3589.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.