[논문]Comparison of Source Apportionment of PM2.5 Using PMF2 and EPA PMF Version 2

Hwang, In-Jo; Hopke, Philip K.

doi:10.5572/ajae.2011.5.2.086

Comparison of Source Apportionment of PM2.5 Using PMF2 and EPA PMF Version 2 원문보기

Asian journal of atmospheric environment, v.5 no.2, 2011년, pp.86 - 96

Hwang, In-Jo (Department of Environmental Engineering, Daegu University) , Hopke, Philip K. (Department of Chemical Engineering, Clarkson University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The positive matrix factorization (PMF2) and multilinear engine (ME2) models have been shown to be powerful environmental analysis techniques and have been successfully applied to the assessment of ambient particulate matter (PM) source contributions. Because these models are difficult to apply practically, the US EPA developed a more user-friendly version of the PMF. The initial version of the EPA PMF model does not provide any rotational capabilities; for this reason, the model was upgraded to include rotational functions in the EPA PMF ver. 2.0. In this study, PMF and EPA PMF modeling identified ten particulate matter sources including secondary sulfate I, vehicle gasoline, secondary sulfate II, secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate III, incinerators, aged sea salt, airborne soil particles, oil combustion, and diesel emissions. All of the source profiles determined by the two models showed excellent agreement. The calculated average concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ were consistent between the PMF2 and EPA PMF ($17.94{\pm}0.30{\mu}g/m^3$ and $17.94{\pm}0.30\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively). Also, each set of estimated source contributions of the PMF2 and EPA PMF showed good agreement. The results from the new EPA PMF version applying rotational functions were consistent with those of PMF2. Therefore, the updated version of EPA PMF with rotational capabilities will provide more reasonable solutions compared with those of PMF2 and can be more widely applied to air quality management.

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문제 정의

The objective of this study was to compare the mass contributions and chemical composition of sources of PM_2.5 at a Washington, DC IMPROVE site. PMF2 and the newer version of EPA PMF were applied to identify the sources, to apportion the PM_2.

제안 방법

In this study, data from PM_2.5samples collected at the Washington, DC IMPROVE site were analyzed using both PMF2 and the new version of EPA PMF script to compare the results. Ten sources were identified and apportioned by PM_2.
5 at a Washington, DC IMPROVE site. PMF2 and the newer version of EPA PMF were applied to identify the sources, to apportion the PM_2.5 mass to each source and to compare PMF2 analysis results with those of EPA PMF analysis. If the two model solutions show no differences, then the results of the source profile and source apportionment should be similar.
5 samples collected at the Washington, DC IMPROVE site were analyzed using both PMF2 and the new version of EPA PMF script to compare the results. Ten sources were identified and apportioned by PM_2.5 mass from the data for each modeling analysis including secondary sulfate I, vehicle gasoline, secondary sulfate II, secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate III, incinerator emissions, aged sea salt, airborne soil particles, oil combustion and diesel emissions. The results of source profile comparison showed good agreement between PMF2 and EPA PMF analyses.

대상 데이터

, 2001). A total of 718 samples were obtained from August 1988 to December 1997 for the Washington, DC IMPROVE site, and 35 species (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, OP, EC1, EC2, EC3, SO₄^2- , NO₃^- , Al, As, Br, Ca, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, H, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Se, Si, Sr, Ti, V, Zn and Zr) were selected for PMF and EPA PMF modeling. For reasonable modeling, several species were excluded from measurement.
The species contributing to the second source included OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, EC1 and NO₃^- . This source profile was identified as vehicle gasoline.
1. This site is an urban area located near the Potomac River, about 2 km southeast of the Lincoln Memorial and 3 km northeast of Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport. There are highways and local roads adjacent to the sampling site.

이론/모형

The ME-2 approach is operated by a script file, a special complicated file (ini file) written in FORTRAN language (Paatero, 2007); the latest version of the script file was used in this study for EPA PMF modeling. When using the script file, some parameters (dimensions of the input data set, number of factors, main file name of input data, FPEAK value) were modified.
The nylon filters were used for the analysis of anions (SO₄^2- , NO₃^- and Cl^- ) by ion chromatography (IC). The quartz filters were used for organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) according to the IMPROVE/thermal optical reflectance (TOR) method. Total carbon was separated into eight temperature-resolved carbon fractions according to temperature and oxidation atmosphere (Hwang and Hopke, 2007; Kim and Hopke, 2004; Chow et al.
The ME-2 model consists of two parts: a script language for specifying the structure of the model and an iterative part for fitting the model. This model uses a conjugate gradient algorithm to solve the receptor model problem by minimizing the sum of squares (Q) to provide a weighted non-negativity least-squares solution to the problem based upon the measured concentrations and corresponding uncertainties (Ogulei et al., 2005; Chueinta et al., 2004).

성능/효과

5 mass from the data for each modeling analysis including secondary sulfate I, vehicle gasoline, secondary sulfate II, secondary nitrate, secondary sulfate III, incinerator emissions, aged sea salt, airborne soil particles, oil combustion and diesel emissions. The results of source profile comparison showed good agreement between PMF2 and EPA PMF analyses. Also, comparison of contributions calculated by PMF2 and EPA PMF for each source showed excellent agreement (the R² values were 1.

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