[논문]수공구 손잡이 형태에 따른 생체역학적 영향도 분석

박시현

doi:10.12812/ksms.2012.14.2.041

수공구 손잡이 형태에 따른 생체역학적 영향도 분석
Biomechanical Effect of Forearm Flexor Muscles depending on Handle Sizes 원문보기

대한안전경영과학회지 = Journal of the Korea safety management & science, v.14 no.2, 2012년, pp.41 - 48

초록
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수공구 사용시 과도한 힘은 작업성 근골격계 질환을 일으킬 수 있는 주요 원인중 하나이다. 이와 관련하여, 수공구 파지시 인체 내부에 부과되는 근력과 외적으로 작용된 힘 간의 비율을 이해하는 것이 중요하며, 이는 근육에 부과되는 과도한 힘을 최소화 시키고, 작업에 필요한 힘의 효율성을 극대화 시키는데 필수적이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 비율과 관련하여 많은 연구가 되어 왔으나, 대부분 수리적 인체역학적 모델과 같은 간접적 추정 방법에 의거하고 있는 실정이다. 이러한 인체역학적 모델을 검증하고 개선하기 위하여 해부용 팔 (cadaver)을 활용한 직접적인 근력과 악력 측정이 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 해부용 팔을 이용하여 상지 굴근(hand flexor)을 자동으로 제어하고 근력과 함께 악력을 측정할 수 있는 Hand Motion Simulator를 개발하고, 이를 통하여 다양한 사이즈의 손잡이 파지시 요구되는 근력과 외적으로 적용된 악력을 비교함으로써 수공구 손잡이 사이즈에 따른 근력의 효율성에 대하여 측정을 해 보았다. 또한, 적용된 굴근 (FDP & FDS) 간의 힘 비율에 따른 파지법의 차이를 조사해 보았다. 내부에 주어진 근력은 외부로 작용된 악력보다 5.3배 높은 부하가 작용하였으며 이러한 수공구 손잡이 파지시 힘의 효율성 역시 FDP 와 FDS 간의 비율이 3:2 였을 때, 그리고 손잡이 크기가 작을수록 높은 결과를 보였다. 반대로 손잡이의 크기가 커질수록 힘의 효율성은 저하되었다. 또한, 손가락 관절 각도의 경우 FDP와 FDS간의 비율에 따라 상이한 자세를 나타내었다. FDP 굴근의 비율이 높을 경우 손가락 끝마디 관절 (DIP) 의 굴곡을 보였으며, FDS 굴근 비율이 높을 경우 손가락 두 번째 관절(PIP)의 굴곡을 보였다. 본 연구를 통한 결과는 추후 상지작업자에 대한 근골격계 질환 예방 기준안 마련 및 수공구 설계를 위한 기초자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 보인다.

주제어

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문제 정의

The contribution of this study was to validate the mathematical model and analyze the mechanism of hand flexor tendons in power grip function. Thus, tendon force ratio and efficiency of grip force were analyzed by measuring grip force with split cylindrical handles.
The objective of this study was to investigate an optimal handle size minimizing internal tendon loads and maximizing external grip forces with a cadaver model. We hypothesized that a small diameter handle has higher grip force than larger diameter handles on the same tendon force.

가설 설정

The objective of this study was to investigate an optimal handle size minimizing internal tendon loads and maximizing external grip forces with a cadaver model. We hypothesized that a small diameter handle has higher grip force than larger diameter handles on the same tendon force. For the hypothesis, a hand motion simulator: a cadaver model was developed to investigate hand biomechanics of power grip motion and examine grip force and finger force distribution of the hand generated by extrinsic flexor muscles (FDP and FDS).

제안 방법

(2005) measured force in only one finger. Also, in vivo test, true tendon forces are probably lower than the predicted results because these experiments were performed during carpal tunnel surgery. In such case, the muscles are partially inactive and weaken pinch and power grip forces (Chao, 1989).
Also, those results were compared with finger joint angle and the prediction model. Despite of several limitations, the results of this study provide novel insights into the direct measurement of internal impact of flexor tendons generated by power grip motion. The knowledge of the kinetic outcome of tendon forces could be used for designing an optimal hand tool, and planning of diagnosis and treatment modalities of the hand problem.
We hypothesized that a small diameter handle has higher grip force than larger diameter handles on the same tendon force. For the hypothesis, a hand motion simulator: a cadaver model was developed to investigate hand biomechanics of power grip motion and examine grip force and finger force distribution of the hand generated by extrinsic flexor muscles (FDP and FDS). Moreover, the interaction effect of tendon force ratio (FDP to FDS) with finger joint motion was also investigated with the cadaver model using various sizes of cylindrical handles to find optimal handle size.
The relationship between the internal tendon force and the external grip force was analyzed to assess the effect of different diameter handle sizes. The number of handle from 1 to 5 represents 30mm, 37mm, 45mm, 50mm and 60mm cross-sectional diameter, respectively.
The relationship of two flexor tendon forces on different sizes of handles was analyzed to find the effect of different FDP and FDS ratios. Figure 4 shows the relationship between the grip force and the internal force as internal forces increase.
This result agrees with the study of mechanical characteristics of a muscle (Brand and Hollister, 1981). They analyzed the FDP and FDS characteristics with the mass, average fiber length and cross-sectional area of all fibers. Based on the mass fraction (%) of the FDP and FDS, the ratio of two tendons was 3:2.
Grip force generated by pulling internal flexor tendons was the dependent variable of each condition. Three trials were run for each five different handles and five different tendon force ratios, with three minutes intervals between each trial. All of the 15 trials (5 tendon force ratios x 3 trials) were completely randomized for each handle.

대상 데이터

One female fresh-frozen human cadaveric left hand speci-men was used in this study. The specimen was amputated at the middle humerus and was free from apparent musculo-skeletal disorders and anatomical abnormalities.

데이터처리

Two flexor muscle forces (FDP and FDS) and five different handle sizes were the independent factor for an analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure. FDP force was fixed at 100N, and FDS force increased from 20N to 100N by 20N at once.
Grip forces were measured by a force transducer inserted in handles. Two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate effects for grip forces across five handle sizes and tendon forces conditions. Significant effects were further explored using Tukey’s pair-wise comparisons.

이론/모형

To find the relationship between the tendon force ratio and grip force on different sizes of handle, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to solve the hypothesis. Figure 5 shows the result of ANCOVA.

성능/효과

According to increasing the percent FDS force from 10% to 50% of total tendon force, on average, the MCP joint angle gradually increased from 19.7° to 23.8°; in contrast, the PIP joint angle showed a rapid rise from 70.1° to 83.4° in the high proportion of FDS while the DIP joint angle displayed a rapid decline from 32.8° to 2.7°.
The findings indicate that the physical FDS had 20%∼30% less force than the FDP.

참고문헌 (17)

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상세보기
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상세보기
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