For the improvement of ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng by Phellinus linteus (FRG) were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The polyphenol content of FRG ($19.14{\pm}0.50$ mg/g) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compar...
For the improvement of ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng by Phellinus linteus (FRG) were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The polyphenol content of FRG ($19.14{\pm}0.50$ mg/g) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with that of non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG, $11.31{\pm}1.15$ mg/g). The antioxidant activities in FRG, such as 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, and ferric reducing antioxidant power, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in NFRG. The HPLC analysis results showed that the FRG had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in NFRG and FRG were $41.65{\pm}1.53$ mg/g and $50.12{\pm}1.43$ mg/g, respectively. However, FRG had a significantly higher content ($33.90{\pm}0.97$ mg/g) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared with NFRG ($14.75{\pm}0.46$ mg/g). The skin permeability of FRG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cell models. In particular, after 3 h, the skin permeability of FRG was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of NFRG. Using a rat everted intestinal sac model, FRG showed a high transport level compared with NFRG after 1 h. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared with NFRG as indicated by skin permeation and intestinal permeability. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites).
For the improvement of ginsenoside bioavailability, the ginsenosides of fermented red ginseng by Phellinus linteus (FRG) were examined with respect to bioavailability and physiological activity. The polyphenol content of FRG ($19.14{\pm}0.50$ mg/g) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared with that of non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG, $11.31{\pm}1.15$ mg/g). The antioxidant activities in FRG, such as 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid, and ferric reducing antioxidant power, were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in NFRG. The HPLC analysis results showed that the FRG had a high level of ginsenoside metabolites. The total ginsenoside contents in NFRG and FRG were $41.65{\pm}1.53$ mg/g and $50.12{\pm}1.43$ mg/g, respectively. However, FRG had a significantly higher content ($33.90{\pm}0.97$ mg/g) of ginsenoside metabolites (Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, F2, and Rg2) compared with NFRG ($14.75{\pm}0.46$ mg/g). The skin permeability of FRG was higher than that of NFRG using Franz diffusion cell models. In particular, after 3 h, the skin permeability of FRG was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of NFRG. Using a rat everted intestinal sac model, FRG showed a high transport level compared with NFRG after 1 h. FRG had dramatically improved bioavailability compared with NFRG as indicated by skin permeation and intestinal permeability. The significantly greater bioavailability of FRG may have been due to the transformation of its ginsenosides by fermentation to more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites).
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문제 정의
The purpose of this study was to enhance the beneficial properties of ginsenosides by using food-compatible microorganisms. We screened edible mushroom species which are capable of metabolising ginsenoside from ginseng.
대상 데이터
[28], with certain modifications. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, weighing 250 to 300 g (Nara Bio Animal Center, Seoul, Korea), were used for the study. The excised skin was mounted in a Franz-type diffusion cell.
Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, weighing 250 to 300 g (Nara Bio Animal Center, Seoul, Korea), were used for the study. The excised skin was mounted in a Franz-type diffusion cell. Then, 4.
The strains of P. linteus was received from Chungju University (Jeongpyung, Korea) and maintained on potato dextrose agar slants. The slants were inoculated and incubated at 25℃ for 7 d and then stored at 4℃ for approximately 2 wk.
[27]. The utilized HPLC system was a Varian Prostar 200 equipped with a quaternary solvent delivery system, an autosampler, and a UV detector (203 nm). The column was IMtakt Cadenza CD-C18 column (4.
데이터처리
, Chicago, IL, USA). The t-test was used to assess the differences between two samples. All of the data were two-sided at the 5% significance level and are reported as the means±standard deviations.
이론/모형
The amount of total carbohydrate was measured by the phenol-sulphuric acid method, using glucose as a standard [19]. Uronic acid was estimated by the 3-phenylphenol method, using galacturonic acid as a standard [20].
, the amount of tested extract required for a 50% decrease in the absorbance of the DPPH and ABTS radicals. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method was performed as described by Benzie and Strain [25]. ΔA is proportional to the combined (total) ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP value) of the antioxidants in the sample.
A purified sample for HPLC analysis was prepared by C18 ODS cartridge (Waters Associates, Milford, MA, USA) solid-phase extraction according to a method described previously [26]. The levels of major 16 ginsenosides were analyzed by using an HPLC-based technique developed by Lee et al. [27].
The receptor medium was kept at 37℃ and stirred with a magnetic stirrer at 400 rpm. The polyphenol content of the transports was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteau method [21].
3. The skin permeability test using the Franz diffusion cell model of non-fermented red ginseng (NFRG) and fermented red ginseng by Phellinus linteus (FRG). A 100 μL sample of ginseng was placed on the donor side of a Franz cell.
The amount of total carbohydrate was measured by the phenol-sulphuric acid method, using glucose as a standard [19]. Uronic acid was estimated by the 3-phenylphenol method, using galacturonic acid as a standard [20]. The polyphenol contents of the extracts were determined by employing the Folin-Ciocalteu method, using protocols reported elsewhere, and then the polyphenol results were expressed as the amount of gallic acid equivalents [21].
성능/효과
1)The FRG shows a significant difference compared with the NFRG (p<0.05).
Ginsenosides can be transformed into more easily absorbable forms (ginsenoside metabolites) by fermentation. Our results showed that, by fermentation, the ginsenoside metabolite contents could be enhanced by approximately 260%, leading to a high level of intestinal permeability compared to NFRG.
The antioxidant activities in the FRG, such as DPPH, ABTS and FRAP were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those in the NFRG.
[24], with slight modifications. The antioxidant activities of the test samples were expressed as IC50, i.e., the amount of tested extract required for a 50% decrease in the absorbance of the DPPH and ABTS radicals. The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method was performed as described by Benzie and Strain [25].
[40] studied the skin permeability of various catechins from tea extract. Their results showed that epicatechin (EC) and epigallocatechin (EGC) have low molecular weight, which enables easier skin penetration. However, EGC contains more hydroxyl groups than EC, which may also reduce the ability to permeate the skin.
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