[논문]High Velocity Impact Characteristics of Shear Thickening Fluid Impregnated Kevlar Fabric

Park, Yurim; Baluch, Abrar H.; Kim, YunHo; Kim, Chun-Gon

doi:10.5139/ijass.2013.14.2.140

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The development of high performance fabrics have advanced body armor technology and improved ballistic performance while maintaining flexibility. Utilization of the shear thickening phenomenon exhibited by Shear Thickening Fluids (STF) has allowed further enhancement without hindering flexibility of...

The development of high performance fabrics have advanced body armor technology and improved ballistic performance while maintaining flexibility. Utilization of the shear thickening phenomenon exhibited by Shear Thickening Fluids (STF) has allowed further enhancement without hindering flexibility of the fabric through a process of impregnation. The effect of STF impregnation on the ballistic performance of fabrics has been studied for impact velocities below 700 m/s. Studies of STF-impregnated fabrics for high velocity impacts, which would provide a transition to significantly higher velocity ranges, are lacking. This study aims to investigate the effect of STF impregnation on the high velocity impact characteristics of Kevlar fabric by effectively dispersing silica nanoparticles in a suspension, impregnating Kevlar fabrics, and performing high velocity impact experiments with projectile velocities in the range of 1 km/s to compare the post impact characteristics between neat Kevlar and impregnated Kevlar fabrics. 100 nm diameter silica nanoparticles were dispersed using a homogenizer and sonicator in a solution of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and diluted with methanol for effective impregnation to Kevlar fabric, and the methanol was evaporated in a heat oven. High velocity impact of STF-impregnated Kevlar fabric revealed differences in the post impact rear formation compared to neat Kevlar.

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문제 정의

Furthermore, this study aims to investigate the potential applicability of STF impregnation in high velocity ranges including and above 1 km/s in order to assess the applicability to space shielding against hazardous micrometeoroids and space debris that space structures are exposed to in Low Earth Orbit altitudes. This study aims to investigate the effect of STF impregnation on the post high velocity impact characteristics of Kevlar fabric by effectively dispersing silica nanoparticles in a suspension and then impregnating the Kevlar fabric.

제안 방법

However, further investigation in higher velocity ranges has not been pursued or is not publicly available while modern rifles with performance cartridges exhibit muzzle velocities in the range of 1200 m/s. Furthermore, this study aims to investigate the potential applicability of STF impregnation in high velocity ranges including and above 1 km/s in order to assess the applicability to space shielding against hazardous micrometeoroids and space debris that space structures are exposed to in Low Earth Orbit altitudes. This study aims to investigate the effect of STF impregnation on the post high velocity impact characteristics of Kevlar fabric by effectively dispersing silica nanoparticles in a suspension and then impregnating the Kevlar fabric.
In order to compare the impact characteristics of neat Kevlar fabric targets and STF impregnated Kevlar fabrics, the weights before and after impregnation were measured to identify the STF added weight and the areal density of the target specimens so that the areal densities of the targets can be made as close as possible to each other and be the basis of comparison. When taking into consideration the aim and application background of such impact resistant material systems, the areal density is an important factor in evaluating the performance of the system as obtaining the greatest performance per areal density can be used as a comparison reference unit for various systems Thus, by having the areal density equal to each other, the specimens’ post impact characteristics can be compared on equal basis.
In order to verify that the fabricated STF adequately exhibited the shear thickening phenomenon which is considered the major mechanism behind the ballistic resistance enhancement provided by STF impregnation, an ARES Melt Rheometer by Rheometric Scientific was used. By increasing the shear strain applied to the STF sample, rapid increase in viscosity was observed as can be observed in Figure 4.
Meanwhile, high velocity and hypervelocity impact is a critical threat for space structures in space environment and this study investigated the effect of STF impregnation in Kevlar fabrics at high velocity impacts of above 1 km/s. In this study, silica colloidal suspension composed of silica nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol, and methanol was mixed at a specific weight fraction and underwent a sonication and evaporation process to fully immerse Kevlar fabrics for STF impregnation. The degree of dispersion of STF on the surface of the Kevlar fabric was assessed through SEM imaging and was found to be relatively well dispersed about the yarns.
Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) was used extensively to enhance the ballistic performance of soft body armor utilizing high tenacity fabrics such as Kevlar®, however, the effect of STF impregnation on the performance of fabrics has been mostly investigated in the ballistic range below 700 m/s only. Meanwhile, high velocity and hypervelocity impact is a critical threat for space structures in space environment and this study investigated the effect of STF impregnation in Kevlar fabrics at high velocity impacts of above 1 km/s. In this study, silica colloidal suspension composed of silica nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol, and methanol was mixed at a specific weight fraction and underwent a sonication and evaporation process to fully immerse Kevlar fabrics for STF impregnation.
In order to reproduce the high velocity impacts, a 2-stage light gas gun was employed. The gas gun used in this study launched projectiles in the 1 km/s range which is greater than the ballistic range used in the Kevlar ballistic resistance performance studies to observe the effect of STF impregnation on the impact characteristics. The 2-stage light gas gun employs 2 stages to effectively pressurize helium and consequently launch the projectile, a 5.

성능/효과

2 neat Kevlar targets and 2 STF impregnated Kevlar targets were made and their specifications are shown in Table 2. 12 STF impregnated Kevlar layers were used in order to make the 2 STF impregnated Kevlar samples and the average STF add-on weight percent was 47.57%.
On the other hand, the STF impregnated Kevlar targets had a less distinct pattern visible overall. Although the effect of impact velocity may be quite significant as the STF impregnated Kevlar targets did not reach the highest velocity of 1267.98 m/s, the observation that the rear bulge depths of the neat Kevlar samples were greater than that of STF impregnated Kevlar samples imply that the STF impregnation deters the maximum deformation of the fabric during and after impact. The shear thickening effect during impact may have contributed to this deterrence.
The degree of dispersion of STF on the surface of the Kevlar fabric was assessed through SEM imaging and was found to be relatively well dispersed about the yarns. Using a 2-stage light gas gun, the post impact characteristics of neat Kevlar targets and STF impregnated Kevlar fabric targets were observed at impact velocities in the range of approximately 1 km/s, which revealed that the STF impregnated Kevlar showed less distinct cross patterns signifying energy dissipation and greater impact resistance. In addition, it had a smaller penetration hole area with the pulled-out yarns facing inward rather than outward and the rear bulge depth was less than the neat Kevlar fabric targets.

후속연구

In addition, it had a smaller penetration hole area with the pulled-out yarns facing inward rather than outward and the rear bulge depth was less than the neat Kevlar fabric targets. These consistent and observable characteristics imply that STF impregnation brings about a different energy absorption behavior although further study on various areal density/material combinations and effect of impact velocity on the energy absorption characteristics needs to be conducted. Extensive investigation on the effect of STF impregnation on the energy absorption mechanism of Kevlar fabric may offer STF impregnation as an effective technique to designing a shielding configuration for space applications with minimized volume and mass while maintaining or enhancing the impact resistance of the structure.

참고문헌 (11)

Hoffman, R. L., "Explanations for the cause of shear thickening in concentrated colloidal suspensions", Journal of Rheology, Vol. 42, No. 1, 1998, pp. 111-123. DOI:10.5139/ IJASS.2010.11.4.285

상세보기
Lee, Y. S., Wetzel, E. D., and Wagner, N. J., "The ballistic impact characteristics of Kevlar woven fabrics impregnated with a colloidal shear thickening fluid", Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 38, Issue 13, 2003, pp. 2825-2833.

상세보기
Clements, F. E., and Mahfuz, H., "Enhancing the stab resistance of flexible body armor using functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles", 16th International Conference on Composite Materials, Kyoto, Japan, 8-13 July 2007.
Kim, C. G., Kim, I. J., Lim, G., and Yoon, B. I., "The ballistic impact characteristics of woven fabrics impregnated with a colloidal suspension and flattened rolls", Advances in Science and Technology, Vol. 71, 2010, pp. 74-79. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AST.71.74

상세보기
Lee, B. W., Kim, I.-J., and Kim, C. G., "The influence of the particle size of silica on the ballistic performance of fabrics impregnated with silica colloidal suspension", Journal of Composite Materials, November 2009, Vol. 43, No. 23, pp. 2679-2698. DOI: 10.1177/0021998309345292

상세보기
Park, J. L., Yoon, B. I., Paik, J. G., and Kang, T. J., "Ballistic performance of p-aramid fabrics impregnated with shear thickening fluid; Part I - Effect of laminating sequence", Textile Research Journal, April 2012, Vol. 82, No. 6, pp. 527- 541. DOI: 10.1177/0040517511420753

상세보기
Wetzel, E. D., Lee, Y. S., Egres, R. G., Kirkwood, K. M., and Kirkwood, J. E., "The effect of rheological parameters on the ballistic properties of shear thickening fluid (STF) Kevlar composites", AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 712, Issue 1, 2004, pp. 288-293. DOI: 10.1063/1.1766538

상세보기
Egres Jr., R. G., Decker, M. J., Halbach, C. J., Lee, Y. S., Kirkwood, J. E., Kirkwood, K. M., Wagner, N. J., and Wetzel, E. D., "Stab resistance of shear thickening fluid (STF) - Kevlar composites for body armor applications", Proceedings of the 24th Army Science Conference, Orlando, Florida, Nov. 29-Dec. 2, 2004.
Bohannan, A. L., and Fahrenthold, E. P., "Simulation of STF Kevlar shielding performance in a stuffed whipple configuration", 50th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Palm Springs, California, 4-7 May 2009. DOI: 10.2514/6.2009-2400
Kang, T. J., Hong, K. H., and Yoo, M. R., "Preparation and properties of fumed silica/Kevlar composite fabrics for application of stab resistance material", Fibers and Polymers, Vol. 11, No. 5, 2010, pp. 719-724. DOI: 10.1007/s12221-010-0719-z

원문보기 상세보기
Laible, R. C., Ballistic materials and penetration mechanics. Method and phenomena: their applications in science and technology, Vol. 5, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980, Chapter 4.

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