[논문]외향성과 정서단어의 재인 기억: 정서가, 빈도, 과제 난이도 효과

강은주

doi:10.19066/cogsci.2014.25.4.004

[국내논문] 외향성과 정서단어의 재인 기억: 정서가, 빈도, 과제 난이도 효과
Extraversion and Recognition for Emotional Words: Effects of Valence, Frequency, and Task-difficulty 원문보기

인지과학 = Korean journal of cognitive science, v.25 no.4, 2014년, pp.385 - 416

강은주 (강원대학교 심리학과)

초록
AI-Helper

본 연구는 외향성이라는 성격 특성에 따른 정서적 단어의 기억 수행의 차이를 연구하기 위해, 신호 탐지 분석법을 적용하여 기억 변별력과 재인 반응 편향을 분석하였다. 참여자들은 부호화 시에 제시되는 정서 단어에 대하여 정서 범주 판단과제를 수행하고, 이어서 재인 검사를 받았다. 또한 단어 재인에 미치는 과제의 난이도와 성격의 상호작용 조사하기 위해, 부호화와 인출 사이의 기간을 달리한 두 개의 실험이 수행되었다. 파지 지연기간이 짧은(5분) 저난이도 과제(Study I)에서는 특히 저빈도 단어에 대해, 외향성이 낮은 사람일수록 더 좋은 기억 수행(높은 d')을 보였으며, 재인 반응 편향에는 외향성에 따른 차이가 없었다. 특히, 외향성이 높을수록 오류 재인 후에 과신하는 경향이 높았다. 파지기간이 긴(한 달) 고난이도 과제(Study II)의 경우, 기억 수행은 외향성에 따른 차이가 없이 전반적으로 저조하였나, 고빈도-긍정 단어에서만 외향성이 높은 개인일수록 훨씬 자유로운 반응 준거(높은 적중률과 높은 오경보율)를 적용하는 재인 수행의 특성을 보이는 것이 관찰되었으며, 이런 긍정단어에 대한 자신의 재인에 과신하는 경향도 높았다. 본 결과는 기억 수행이 저조해질 때, 외향성이 높은 개인들이 내적 통제 과정에 더 취약해 지며, 이런 성격차이는 긍정단어의 기억의 재인 준거나 재인 반응에 대한 확신에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 보인다. 즉 기억의 흔적이 약할 때, 외향성이 높은 개인들은 긍정적 정서가의 단어에 특정적으로 기억 보고와 확신 편향을 보일 수 있음을 시사한다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

In this study, memory for emotional words was compared between extraverts and introverts, employing signal detection analysis to distinguish differences in discriminative memory and response bias. Subjects were presented with a study list of emotional words in an encoding session, followed by a recognition session. Effects of task difficulty were examined by varying the nature of the encoding task and the intervals between study and test. For an easy task, with a retention interval of 5 minutes (Study I), introverts exhibited better memory (i.e., higher d') than extraverts, particularly for low-frequency words, and response biases did not differ between these two groups. For a difficult task, with a one-month retention period (Study II), performance was poor overall, and only high-frequency words were remembered; also extraverts adopted a more liberal criterion for 'old' responses (i.e., more hits and more false alarms) for positive emotional-valence words. These results suggest that as task difficulty drives down performance, effects of internal control processes become more apparent, revealing differences in response biases for positive words between extraverts and introverts. These results show that extraversion can distort memory performance for words, depending on their emotional valence.

Keyword

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.

문제 정의

The purpose of this study was to understand a personality trait’s effect on memory in terms of individual differences in a normal, healthy population.

제안 방법

The subject of this report is the effect of individual differences in extraversion on recognition memory for words, and, in particular, how these interact with the emotional valence of the stimuli, task difficulty (e.g., retention interval), and response biases.
(Glanzer & Bowles, 1976; Kinoshita, 1955). Emotional words of both high and low frequency, were included in the present study in order to evaluate the relative contributions of recollection- and familiarity-based processes to recognition.
The self-paced recognition test, which was administered approximately 5 minutes after the study phase, was composed of two 80-word blocks (40 old and 40 new words). A test word was displayed (maximum = 4000 ms), and participants made an old/new decision.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of extraversion on a difficult recognition task that was expected to result in poorer memory than Study I. Three variations in experimental procedures that differed from Study I were introduced. First, participants examined the lists in the process of completing an emotional rating of the words, but were not told of a subsequent recognition test.
This prediction was supported by Study I, where for a relatively easy task introverts’ recognition performance was superior, with higher memory discrimination and better post-error monitoring, regardless of valence.
First, even though extraversion’s effect on memory has often been examined through the induction of positive affect (Lucas & Baird, 2004), mood induction is not commonly used in investigations of recognition memory. Second, a medial-split group comparison was used in the current studies along with regression analysis, rather than comparing subgroups at the opposite ends of the extraversion-introversion scale (e.g., the upper and lower 30%). Such extremes of extraversion trait may be associated with various pathologies such as alcohol abuse (Anderson, Schweinsburg, Paulus, Brown, & Tapert, 2005), depression (Clark, Watson, & Mineka, 1994), cardiovascular reactivity (Jonassaint et al.

대상 데이터

Forty-three university students (12 male, 31 female; mean age 20.23, range =18~29), who were all Korean native speakers, volunteered in return for course credit. All gave informed consent before the study and were debriefed afterwards.

데이터처리

Then, the extraversion effect was investigated by performing a correlation analysis (Pearson’s r) with extraversion score (E-score) for each word type and the overall average for all word types.
A two-way ANOVA (valence and frequency) was performed to reveal the effects of valence and word-frequency for all participants. Then, the extraversion effect was investigated by performing a correlation analysis (Pearson’s r) with extraversion score (E-score) for each word type and the overall average for all word types.

이론/모형

Extraversion scores were obtained for a Korean translation of the NEO-Personality Inventory-R (Costa & McCrae, 1992) administered after the session.

성능/효과

Extraversion had no effect on valence ratings, but high extraversion was associated with greater arousal ratings only for the positive words (all positive words, r = -.39, p < .05; PH, r = -.43, p < .05; PL, r = -.38, p < .05; NH, r = -.07, NL, r = -.12).
An ANOVA yielded a significant group effect: The E+ group performed less accurately than the E- group (.59 for E+, .68 for E-, p < .05).

참고문헌 (45)

Amin, Z., Constable, R. T., & Canli, T. (2004). Attentional bias for valenced stimuli as a function of personality in the dot-probe task. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(1), 15-23.

상세보기
Barrett, L. F. (1997). The Relationships Among Momentary Emotion Experiences, Personality Descriptions, and Retrospective Ratings of Emotion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(10), 1100.

상세보기
Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36(2), 129-148.

상세보기
Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (1994). Mood and personality in recall of positive and negative information. Behavior Research and Therapy, 32(1), 137-141.

상세보기
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of behavior therapy and experimental psychiatry, 25(1), 49-59.

상세보기
Canli, T., Zhao, Z., Desmond, J. E., Kang, E., Gross, J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2001). An fMRI study of personality influences on brain reactivity to emotional stimuli. Behavioral Neuroscience, 115(1), 33-42.

상세보기
Cantor, N., & Mischel, W. (1977). Traits as prototypes: Effects on recognition memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35(1), 38-48.

상세보기
Corr, P. J., Pickering, A. D., & Gray, J. A. (1995). Personality and reinforcement in associative and instrumental learning. Pers Individ Dif, 19(1), 47-71.

상세보기
Costa, P. T., Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1980). Influence of extraversion and neuroticism on subjective well-being: Happy and unhappy people. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(4), 668-678.

상세보기
Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (1994). Temperament and attention: orienting toward and away from positive and negative signals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(6), 1128-1139.

상세보기
Dewhurst, S. A., Holmes, S. J., Brandt, K. R., & Dean, G. M. (2006). Measuring the speed of the conscious components of recognition memory: Remembering is faster than knowing. Consciousness and Cognition, 15(1), 147-162.

상세보기
Dolcos, F., Iordan, A. D., & Dolcos, S. (2011). Neural correlates of emotion-cognition interactions: A review of evidence from brain imaging investigations. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23(6), 669-694.

상세보기
Dougal, S., & Rotello, C. M. (2007). "Remembering" emotional words is based on response bias, not recollection. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 14(3), 423-429.

상세보기
Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66(3), 183.

상세보기
Eldridge, L. L., Sarfatti, S., & Knowlton, B. J. (2002). The effect of testing procedure on remember-know judgments. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9(1), 139-145.

상세보기
Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The biological basis of personality (Vol. 689): Transaction publishers.
Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. (1967). On the unitary nature of extraversion. Acta Psychol (Amst), 26(4), 383-390.

상세보기
Gardiner, J. M. (1988). Functional aspects of recollective experience. Memory & cognition, 16(4), 309-313.

상세보기
Gillespie, C. R., & Eysenck, M. W. (1980). Effects of introversion?extraversion on continuous recognition memory. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 15(4), 233-235.

상세보기
Glanzer, M., & Adams, J. K. (1985). The mirror effect in recognition memory. Memory & cognition, 13(1), 8-20.

상세보기
Glanzer, M., & Bowles, N. (1976). Analysis of the word-frequency effect in recognition memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 2, 21-31. Gomez, R., Gomez, A., & Cooper, A. (2002). Neuroticism and extraversion as predictors of negative and positive emotional information processing: Comparing Eysenck's, Gray's, and Newman's theories. European journal of personality, 16(5), 333-350.

상세보기
Gorman, A. M. (1961). Recognition memory for nouns as a function of abstractness and frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(1), 23-29.

상세보기
Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion. Behavioral research and therapy, 8(3), 249-266.

상세보기
Guttentag, R. E., & Carroll, D. (1997). Recollection-Based Recognition: Word Frequency Effects. Journal of Memory and Language, 37(4), 502-516.

상세보기
Hooker, C. I., Verosky, S. C., Miyakawa, A., Knight, R. T., & D'Esposito, M. (2008). The influence of personality on neural mechanisms of observational fear and reward learning. Neuropsychologia, 46(11), 2709-2724.

상세보기
Kang, B. M., & Kim, H. K. (2004). Frequency Analysis of Korean Morpheme and Word Usage 2, Seoul: Institute of Korean Culture, Korea University.
Kantner, J., & Lindsay, D. S. (2012). Response bias in recognition memory as a cognitive trait. Memory & cognition, 40(8), 1163-1177.

상세보기
Kensinger, E. A., & Corkin, S. (2003). Memory enhancement for emotional words: Are emotional words more vividly remembered than neutral words? Memory & cognition, 31(8), 1169-1180.

상세보기
Kim, D. H., & Sohn, Y. W. (2006). The Effect of personality traits on confidence Level and response bias in flight situation awareness. Korean Journal of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 19(1), 85-104.
Kinoshita, S. (1955). The word frequency effect in recognition memory versus repetition priming. Memory & cognition, 23, 569-580.
Larsen, R. J., & Ketelaar, T. (1989). Extraversion, neuroticism and susceptibility to positive and negative mood induction procedures. Personality and Individual Differences, 10(12), 1221-1228.

상세보기
Lucas, R. E., & Baird, B. M. (2004). Extraversion and Emotional Reactivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(3), 473-485.

상세보기
MacLeod, C. M., & Kampe, K. E. (1996). Word frequency effects on recall, recognition, and word fragment completion tests. Journal of Experimental Psycholgy: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 22(1), 132-142.

상세보기
Matthews, G., & Gilliland, K. (1999). The personality theories of H. J. Eysenck and J. A. Gray: A comparative review. Personality and Individual Differences, 26(4), 583-626. Nelson, T. O., & Narens, L. (1990). Metamemory: A theoretical framework and new findings. The psychology of learning and motivation, 26, 125-141.
Robinson, M. D., Moeller, S. K., & Ode, S. (2010). Extraversion and reward-related processing: probing incentive motivation in affective priming tasks. Emotion, 10(5), 615-626.

상세보기
Rusting, C. L. (1998). Personality, mood, and cognitive processing of emotional information: three conceptual frameworks. Psychological bulletin, 124(2), 165-196.

상세보기
Rusting, C. L. (1999). Interactive effects of personality and mood on emotion-congruent memory and judgment. J Pers Soc Psychol, 77(5), 1073-1086.

상세보기
Rusting, C. L., & Larsen, R. J. (1998). Personality and cognitive processing of affective information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(2), 200-213.

상세보기
Schaefer, P. S., Williams, C. C., Goodie, A. S., & Campbell, W. K. (2004). Overconfidence and the big five. Journal of Research in Personality, 38(5), 473-480.

상세보기
Sharot, T., & Phelps, E. A. (2004). How arousal modulates memory: Disentangling the effects of attention and retention. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 4(3), 294-306.
Stanislaw, H., & Todorov, N. (1999). Calculation of signal detection theory measures. Behavior Research Methods, 31(1), 137-149.

상세보기
Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 26(1), 1.

상세보기
Yerkes, R. M., & Dodson, J. D. (1908). The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-formation. Journal of comparative neurology and psychology, 18(5), 459-482.

상세보기
Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of Memory and Language, 46(3), 441-517.

상세보기
Zinbarg, R., & Revelle, W. (1989). Personality and Conditioning: A Test of Four Models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(2), 301-314.

상세보기

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증