Microorganisms have many roles in nature. They may act as decomposers that obtain nutrients from dead materials, while some are pathogens that cause diseases in animals, insects, and plants. Some are symbionts that enhance plant growth, such as arbuscular mycorrhizae and nitrogen fixation bacteria. ...
Microorganisms have many roles in nature. They may act as decomposers that obtain nutrients from dead materials, while some are pathogens that cause diseases in animals, insects, and plants. Some are symbionts that enhance plant growth, such as arbuscular mycorrhizae and nitrogen fixation bacteria. However, roles of plant pathogens and diseases in natural ecosystems are still poorly understood. Thus, the current study addressed this deficiency by investigating possible roles of plant diseases in natural ecosystems, particularly, their positive effects on arthropod diversity. In this study, the model system was the oak tree (Quercus spp.) and the canker disease caused by Annulohypoxylon truncatum, and its effects on arthropod diversity. The oak tree site contained 44 oak trees; 31 had canker disease symptoms while 13 were disease-free. A total of 370 individual arthropods were detected at the site during the survey period. The arthropods belonged to 25 species, 17 families, and seven orders. Interestingly, the cankered trees had significantly higher biodiversity and richness compared with the canker-free trees. This study clearly demonstrated that arthropod diversity was supported by the oak tree canker disease.
Microorganisms have many roles in nature. They may act as decomposers that obtain nutrients from dead materials, while some are pathogens that cause diseases in animals, insects, and plants. Some are symbionts that enhance plant growth, such as arbuscular mycorrhizae and nitrogen fixation bacteria. However, roles of plant pathogens and diseases in natural ecosystems are still poorly understood. Thus, the current study addressed this deficiency by investigating possible roles of plant diseases in natural ecosystems, particularly, their positive effects on arthropod diversity. In this study, the model system was the oak tree (Quercus spp.) and the canker disease caused by Annulohypoxylon truncatum, and its effects on arthropod diversity. The oak tree site contained 44 oak trees; 31 had canker disease symptoms while 13 were disease-free. A total of 370 individual arthropods were detected at the site during the survey period. The arthropods belonged to 25 species, 17 families, and seven orders. Interestingly, the cankered trees had significantly higher biodiversity and richness compared with the canker-free trees. This study clearly demonstrated that arthropod diversity was supported by the oak tree canker disease.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
문제 정의
In this study, we investigated the insect dominance, diversity, richness, and evenness in an oak tree site to understand the interaction between a plant disease (canker) and the arthropod diversity. The results clearly indicated that the plant disease increased the biodiversity and to our knowledge, this is the first report of the positive role of plant disease on bio-diversity in natural ecosystem.
제안 방법
All of the arthropods were photographed and identified based on their morphological characteristics. The insect communities were analyzed by calculating the diversity index, dominance index, richness index, and evenness index for each survey. The formula used to calculate the dominance index was as follows:
대상 데이터
The site measured approximately 12×70 m and it was located near commercial agriculture fields and a small creek (Fig. 1A).
1A). The tree site contained 44 oak trees and there were 15 Quercus variabilis trees and 29 Q. acutissima trees. Among 44 oak trees; 31 had canker disease symptoms while 13 were disease-free.
Seven orders, 17 families, and 359 individual arthropods were detected on the cankered trees. By contrast, four orders, five families, and 11 individuals were recorded on the canker-free trees (Table 1).
Of the 30 trees with canker symptom, 13 trees produced sap and 17 trees were sap-free (data not shown). The sap-producing trees yielded 211 individual arthropods, which belonged to seven orders, 15 families, and 21 species. A total of 148 individuals (seven orders, 13 families, and 14 species) were detected on the sap-free trees (Table 1).
The sap-producing trees yielded 211 individual arthropods, which belonged to seven orders, 15 families, and 21 species. A total of 148 individuals (seven orders, 13 families, and 14 species) were detected on the sap-free trees (Table 1). The dominant species on the sap-producing trees was T.
Table 3 shows the classification of arthropods based on their mouth parts. The site yielded 17 species (297 individuals) with chewing type mouth parts and eight species (72 individuals) with siphoning tube type mouth parts. The cankered trees and sap-producing trees yielded 292 individuals and 276 individuals with chewing type mouth parts, respectively.
성능/효과
In this study, we investigated the insect dominance, diversity, richness, and evenness in an oak tree site to understand the interaction between a plant disease (canker) and the arthropod diversity. The results clearly indicated that the plant disease increased the biodiversity and to our knowledge, this is the first report of the positive role of plant disease on bio-diversity in natural ecosystem.
The centipede Thereuonema hilgendorfi was the dominant species at the site (N = 105). The second most dominant species was a darkling beetle (Encyalesthus violaceipennis) and 87 individuals were detected during the survey period. Interestingly, T.
A total of 148 individuals (seven orders, 13 families, and 14 species) were detected on the sap-free trees (Table 1). The dominant species on the sap-producing trees was T. hilgendorfi, while E. violaceipennis was the second most dominant.
Overall, arthropods with chewing mouth parts were more abundant than those with siphoning tube type mouth parts. Centipedes (T. hilgendorfi), darkling beetles (E. violaceipennis), Japanese cockroaches (Periplaneta japonica), and giant stag beetles (Dorcus titanus castanicolor) comprised 104, 86, 41, and 25 of the individuals with chewing type mouth parts, respectively. However, only 55 individual moths from the same species (Amphipyra monolitha) were recorded with siphoning tube type mouth parts and less than three individuals of other species were detected during the survey (Table 3).
violaceipennis), Japanese cockroaches (Periplaneta japonica), and giant stag beetles (Dorcus titanus castanicolor) comprised 104, 86, 41, and 25 of the individuals with chewing type mouth parts, respectively. However, only 55 individual moths from the same species (Amphipyra monolitha) were recorded with siphoning tube type mouth parts and less than three individuals of other species were detected during the survey (Table 3).
참고문헌 (29)
Agrios GN 2006 Plant pathology 5th edn Elsevier Academic Press USA
Andrews JH Harris RF 2000 The ecology and biogeography of microorganisms on plant surfaces Ann Rev Phytopathol 38 145 180 11701840
Cha J Heo B Ahn SJ Gang G Park CG Kwak YS 2012 Morphological and molecular characteristics of the oak tree canker pathogen, Annulohypoxylon truncatum Mycobiology 40 79 81 22783140
Faeth SH Shochat E 2010 Inherited microbial symbionts increase herbivore abundances and alter arthropod diversity on a native grass Ecology 91 1329 1343 20503866
Garg N Chandel S 2010 Arbuscular mycorrhizal networks: process and functions. A review Agron Sustain Dev 30 581 599
Haddad NM Crutsinger M Gross K Haarstad J Knops JMH Tilman D 2009 Plant species loss decreases arthropod diversity and shifts trophic structure Ecol Lett 12 1029 1039 19702636
Hunter MD Schultz JC 1995 Fertilization mitigates chemical induction and herbivore responses within damaged oak trees Ecology 76 226 1232
Jani AJ Faeth SH Gardner D 2010 Asexual endophytes and associated alkaloids alter arthropod community structure and increase herbivore abundances on a native grass Ecol Lett 13 106 117 19912292
Ju YM Rogers JD 1996 A revision of the Genus Hypoxylon Mycologia Memoir No 20 APS Press USA
Knops JMH Tilman D Haddad NM Naeem S Mitchell CE Haarstad J Ritchie ME Howe KM Reich PB Siemann E Groth J 2002 Effects of plant species richness on invasion dynamics, disease outbreaks, insect abundances and diversity Ecol Lett 2 286 293
Lill JT Marquis RJ 2003 Ecosystem engineering by caterpillars increases insect herbivore diversity on white oak Ecology 84 682 690
Lloyd M Ghelord RJ 1964 A table for calculation the “Equitability” component of species diversity J Anim Ecol 33 271 225
Margalef DR 1958 Information theory in ecology Gen Syst 3 36 71
Mauricio R Rausher MD Burdick DS 1997 Variation in the defense strategies of plants: Are resistance and tolerance mutually exclusive? Ecology 78 1301 1311
Nault LR Ammar ED 1989 Leafhopper and planthopper pransmission of plant viruses Annu Rev Entomol 34 503 529
Ômura H Honda K Hayashi N 2000 Identification of feeding attractants in oak sap for adults of two nymphalid butterflies, Kaniska canace and Vanessa indica Physiol Entomol 25 281 287
Park D 1963 The ecology of soil-borne fungal disease Annu Rev Phytopathol 1 241 258
Root RB 1973 Organization of a plant-arthropod association in simple and diverse habitats: the fauna of collards ( Brassica oleraceae ) Ecol Monogr 43 95 124
Rudgers JA Clay K 2008 An invasive plant–fungal mutualism reduces arthropod diversity Ecol Lett 11 831 840 18479455
Natural Resources Conservation 1999 Soil Biology Primer USDA, USA
Simms EL Triplett J 1994 Costs and benefits of blant responses to disease: resistance and tolerance Evolution 48 1973 1985
Srivastava D Iawton J 1988 Why more productive sites have more species: an experimental test of theory using tree-hole communities Am Nat 152 510 529 18811361
Wilson GF Hort ND 1926 Insect visitors to sap-exudations of trees” T. Roy. Ent. Soc. London 74 243 254
Yoshimoto J Kakutani T Nishida T 2005 Influence of resource abundance on the structure of the insect community attracted to fermented tree sap Ecol Res 20 405 414
Yoshimoto J Nishida T 2007 Plant-mediated indirect effects of carpenterworms on the insect communities attracted to fermented tree sap Popul Ecol 50 25 34
이 논문을 인용한 문헌
저자의 다른 논문 :
연구과제 타임라인
LOADING...
LOADING...
LOADING...
LOADING...
LOADING...
활용도 분석정보
상세보기
다운로드
내보내기
활용도 Top5 논문
해당 논문의 주제분야에서 활용도가 높은 상위 5개 콘텐츠를 보여줍니다. 더보기 버튼을 클릭하시면 더 많은 관련자료를 살펴볼 수 있습니다.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.