[논문]국경을 넘는 해양환경오염에 대한 국가책임과 적용의 한계 -중국의 산샤댐 건설로 인한 동중국해 해양환경 영향을 중심으로-

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doi:10.4217/opr.2015.37.4.341

국경을 넘는 해양환경오염에 대한 국가책임과 적용의 한계 -중국의 산샤댐 건설로 인한 동중국해 해양환경 영향을 중심으로-
Limitations of National Responsibility and its Application on Marine Environmental Pollution beyond Borders -Focused on the Effects of China's Three Gorges Dam on the Marine Environment in the East China Sea- 원문보기

Ocean and polar research, v.37 no.4, 2015년, pp.341 - 356

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

A nation has a sovereign right to develop and use its natural resources according to its policies with regard to development and the relevant environment. A nation also has an obligation not to harm other countries or damage environments of neighboring countries as consequences of such actions of developments or use of natural resources. However, international precedents induce a nation to take additional actions not to cause more damages from the specific acts causing environmental damages beyond national borders, when such acts have economic and social importance. That is to say that there is a tendency to resolve such issues in a way to promote the balance between the mutual interests by allowing such actions to continue. A solution to China's Three Gorges Dam dilemma based on a soft law approach is more credible than relying on a good faith approach of national responsibilities and international legal proceedings since the construction and operation of the dam falls within the category of exercising national sovereign rights. If a large scale construction project such as the Three Gorges Dam or operation of a nuclear power plant causes or may cause environmental damage beyond the border of a nation engaged in such an undertaking, countries affected by this undertaking should jointly monitor the environmental effects in a spirit of cooperation rather than trying to stop the construction and should seek cooperative solutions of mutual understanding to establish measures to prevent further damages. If China's Three Gorges Dam construction and operation cause or contain the possibility of causing serious damages to marine environment, China cannot set aside its national responsibility to meet international obligations if China is aware of or knows about the damage that has occurred or may occur but fail to prevent, minimize, reverse or eliminate additional chances of such damages, or fails to put in place measures in order to prevent the recurrence of such damages. However, Korea must be able to prove a causal relationship between the relevant actions and resulting damages if it is to raise objections to the construction or request certain damage-prevention actions against crucial adverse effects on the marine environment out of respect for China's right to develop resources and acts of use thereof. Therefore, it is essential to cumulate continuous monitoring and evaluations information pertaining to marine environmental changes and impacts or responses of affected waters as well as acquisition of scientific baseline data with observed changes in such baseline. As China has adopted a somewhat nonchalant attitude toward taking adequate actions to protect against marine pollution risks or adverse effects caused by the construction and operation of China's Three Gorges Dam, there is a need to persuade China to adopt a more active stance and become involved in the monitoring and co-investigation of the Yellow Sea in order to protect the marine environment. Moreover, there is a need to build a regular environmental monitoring system that includes the evaluation of environmental effects beyond borders. The Espoo Convention can serve as a mechanism to ease potential conflicts of national interest in the Northeast Asian waters where political and historical sensitivities are acute. Especially, the recent diplomatic policy advanced by Korea and China can be implemented as an important example of gentle cooperation as the policy tool of choice is based on regional cooperation or cooperation between different regions.

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핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	국제법은 어떤 것들이 원칙으로 확립된 것인가?	국제법은 국가가 그 관할범위 내에서 혹은 공동의 공간 내에서 타국의 권리나 환경을 고려하지 않는 활동에 종사 하는 것을 허가하지 않는다(Birnie and Boyle 1992). 이는 “선린성의 원칙(principle of good neighbourliness)”이나 “너의 것으로 말미암아 남의 것을 해하지 않도록 사용하라(sic utere tuo, ut alienum non laedas)”는 로마법언이 국제관습법 원칙으로 확립되었다는 것에서도 알 수 있다. 따라서 국가가 일정한 작위 혹은 부작위 또는 그것의 사실상의 결과에 의하여 국제법상의 의무를 위반하는 경우, 국제법은 상술한 국제법 법원(source of law)으로 작용하는 국제관습법과 국제협약에 기초하여 가해 국가가 사실 상의 결과에 대한 책임을 부담하도록 하고 있다.
	본문에서 다루는 국경을 넘는 환경오염은 무엇인가?	오염은 국제적으로 “인간에 의해 직접적으로 또는 간접적으로 인간건강을 위협하고 생물자원과 생태계에 위해를 주며, 환경의 적법한 이용과 쾌적함을 해치거나 방해하는 물질 또는 에너지를 유입시키는 행위”로 정의된다(ASIL 1975)4). 따라서 본문에서 논하고자 하는 국경을 넘는 환경오염5)이라 함은 “한 국가의 관할하에 있는 지역에서 발생한 행위의 전부 혹은 일부가 타 국가의 관할 하에 있는 지역 내에 미치는 영향”으로 규정할 수 있을 것이다.
	오염이란?	오염은 국제적으로 “인간에 의해 직접적으로 또는 간접적으로 인간건강을 위협하고 생물자원과 생태계에 위해를 주며, 환경의 적법한 이용과 쾌적함을 해치거나 방해하는 물질 또는 에너지를 유입시키는 행위”로 정의된다(ASIL 1975)4). 따라서 본문에서 논하고자 하는 국경을 넘는 환경오염5)이라 함은 “한 국가의 관할하에 있는 지역에서 발생한 행위의 전부 혹은 일부가 타 국가의 관할 하에 있는 지역 내에 미치는 영향”으로 규정할 수 있을 것이다.

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