Association of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme I/D and ${\\alpha}$-actinin-3 R577X Genotypes with Growth Factors and Physical Fitness in Korean Children원문보기
This study analyzed the differences in aerobic and anaerobic exercise ability and growth-related indicators, depending on the polymorphism of the ACE and the ACTN3 genes, to understand the genetic influence of exercise ability in the growth process of children. The subjects of the study consisted of...
This study analyzed the differences in aerobic and anaerobic exercise ability and growth-related indicators, depending on the polymorphism of the ACE and the ACTN3 genes, to understand the genetic influence of exercise ability in the growth process of children. The subjects of the study consisted of elementary school students (n=856, age $10.32{\pm}0.07yr$). The anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors were compared among groups of the ACE I/D or the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms. There were no significant differences between the anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors for the ACE gene ID or the ACTN3 gene R577X polymorphism. However, the DD type of ACE gene was highest in the side step test (p<0.05), and the DD type was significantly higher than the II+ID type (p<0.05) in the early bone age. The combined group of the ACE gene II+ID and the ACTN3 gene XX type significantly showed lower early bone age (p< 0.05). This study did not find any individual or compounding effects of the polymorphism in the ACE I/D or the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms on the anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors of Korean children. However, the exercise experience and the DD type of the ACE gene may affect the early maturity of the bones.
This study analyzed the differences in aerobic and anaerobic exercise ability and growth-related indicators, depending on the polymorphism of the ACE and the ACTN3 genes, to understand the genetic influence of exercise ability in the growth process of children. The subjects of the study consisted of elementary school students (n=856, age $10.32{\pm}0.07yr$). The anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors were compared among groups of the ACE I/D or the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms. There were no significant differences between the anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors for the ACE gene ID or the ACTN3 gene R577X polymorphism. However, the DD type of ACE gene was highest in the side step test (p<0.05), and the DD type was significantly higher than the II+ID type (p<0.05) in the early bone age. The combined group of the ACE gene II+ID and the ACTN3 gene XX type significantly showed lower early bone age (p< 0.05). This study did not find any individual or compounding effects of the polymorphism in the ACE I/D or the ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms on the anthropometric parameters, physical fitness and growth factors of Korean children. However, the exercise experience and the DD type of the ACE gene may affect the early maturity of the bones.
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제안 방법
The significance of deviations of observed genotype frequencies from those predicted by the Hardy- Weinberg equation were evaluated with X2 tests between athletes and non-athletes groups. A binary logistic regression model was used to test for the association of ACE I/D or ACTN3 R577X genotypes and early bone age, controlling for the risk factors of athletic career and gender by calculating the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) and corresponding p values. The level of significance was set at p＜0.
ACE DD and ACTN3 RR＋RX (which, at least hypothetically, might be more suitable for power/hypertrophy-oriented exercise tasks), ACE II＋ID and ACTN3 XX group, ACE II＋ID and ACTN3 RX group, and ACE DD and ACTN3 XX group [17,18]. The significance of deviations of observed genotype frequencies from those predicted by the Hardy- Weinberg equation were evaluated with X2 tests between athletes and non-athletes groups. A binary logistic regression model was used to test for the association of ACE I/D or ACTN3 R577X genotypes and early bone age, controlling for the risk factors of athletic career and gender by calculating the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) and corresponding p values.
[8] found that ACE genotype was not a key determinant of the success of the world’s top sprinters from Jamaica and the United States. The study may not confirm the impact of the ACE I/D genotype on muscular strength, throwing, jumping and sprint, general parameters of measuring the muscular functions and the power. In addition, the PEI, an item related to the cardiopulmonary function, did not show a significant difference depending on the ACE I/D genotype.
In addition, studies examining the contributions of these specific genes and their polymorphism and regular exercise on the growth trend of children are still insufficient. Therefore, this study analyzed the differences in aerobic and anaerobic exercise ability and growth-related indicators depending on the polymorphism of the ACE and the ACTN3 genes and to understand the genetic influence of exercise performance on the growth process of children.
Using Bonferoni’s test, the combined effect of ACE I/D and ACTN3 R577X polymorphisms on the study phenotypes was analyzed by using four genotype combinations, i.e. ACE DD and ACTN3 RR＋RX (which, at least hypothetically, might be more suitable for power/hypertrophy-oriented exercise tasks), ACE II＋ID and ACTN3 XX group, ACE II＋ID and ACTN3 RX group, and ACE DD and ACTN3 XX group [17,18].
대상 데이터
The subjects of the study were 856 elementary school students (10.32±0.07 years) including 126 athletes (male: n=98, female: n=28) and 730 non-athletes (male: n=524, female: n=206) based upon 6 months athletic career.
이론/모형
The chronological age is calculated by subtracting the date of taking the X-ray from the date of birth. Bone age is calculated from the X-ray picture taken by the TW2-RUS method. A total of 20 bones were analyzed.
To determine the differences in continuous variables among the three genotype groups ANOVA was employed and a follow up analysis using contrast test was used when the distribution of the variable or of the logarithmically transformed variable approached a normal distribution and the variances of the variables were equal in the groups compared. Otherwise the Mann-Whitney U test was used. Bonferoni’s test was utilized to determine differences in continuous variables between ACE II＋ID and DD or ACTN3 RR＋RX and XX with gene allele’s types.
Plasma obtained from EDTA tubes was used to obtain genomic DNA from the monocytes by the phenol-chloroform extraction method. Primers (Bionix INC, Seoul, Korea) were used to amplify the ACE genes.
Sit-up were used as a measurement for muscular endurance, sit & reach for flexibility, side step test and response to light and sound using the reaction time gauge (TTK, Japan) for agility, and physical efficiency index from the Harvard step test for cardiovascular endurance.
성능/효과
A logistic regression analysis with early bone age as the dependent variable and ACE I/D genotypes, ACTN3 R577X genotypes, gender, and athletic career showed no association of the ACTN3 R577X genotypes and gender with early bone age (Table 6). However, athletic career (OR=2.
Extremely low 577XX genotype frequencies were observed in Kenyan and Nigerian athletes versus controls (1% vs 1% and 0% vs 0%, respectively), and theirs were much lower than in any other non-African populations, where frequency of the 577XX genotype is 18% in Australian Caucasians, 10% in Aboriginal Australians, 18% in Spanish Caucasians and 25% in Japanese [24]. As the frequency of 577XX was 20.7% in this study, we could confirm the higher prevalence of 577XX genotype in Asian populations.
The study investigated the compounding impact of the ACE gene and the ACTN3 gene for all parameters related to physical fitness and found no significant difference as well, indicating insufficient results to explain the individual genetic variability. However, as shown in Fig. 1, the group where the ACE gene II＋ID and the ACTN3 gene XX type were combined shows consistent higher tendency in all the physical fitness parameters than those of the group with ACTN3 gene RR＋RX and the ACE gene DD types, indicating a possibility that the I and D alleles of the ACE gene are determinants of endurance and power, respectively, and that the R and the X alleles of the ACTN3 gene are prominent in power and endurance, respectively. It is possible that proper combinations of the 2 genetic opponents may be prominent to specific physical fitness parameters.
In conclusion, exercise and the DD type of the ACE gene may affect the early maturity of bones. Further research is needed to confirm these relationships.
The genotype distribution of the ACE I/D polymorphism for all the subject shows 36.8%, 49.6% and 13.6% for the II, ID and DD types, respectively and the D allele frequency is 0.384, meeting the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. In addition, the athlete group and the non-athlete group reveal almost the same distribution (X2=2.
[49] reported no association (individually or combined) between power muscle phenotypes and ACE I/D plus ACTN3 R577X genotype combinations in non-athletic elderly populations. The study investigated the compounding impact of the ACE gene and the ACTN3 gene for all parameters related to physical fitness and found no significant difference as well, indicating insufficient results to explain the individual genetic variability. However, as shown in Fig.
후속연구
In conclusion, exercise and the DD type of the ACE gene may affect the early maturity of bones. Further research is needed to confirm these relationships.
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