본 연구의 목적은 적색 형광 단백질 유전자 형질 전환 복제견을 포함한 복제견들에서 측정된 심장 초음파 수치를 이전에 보고된 일반개의 정상 참고 범위와 비교하는 것이다. 일곱 마리의 복제견에서 M-mode, 2D-mode, pulsed wave Doppler 그리고 Tissue Doppler Imaging을 통해 좌심, 우심 그리고 우심실 우출로의 해부학적 특징과 심장 기능을 평가하였다. 모든 복제견들은 해부학적 구조에서 특이적인 이상을 나타내지 않았으며 측정된 수치들은 정상 참고 범위 이내에 있었다. 게다가 좌심과 우심의 심근 기능 모두 정상 참고 범위 이내에 위치하였다. 특히 복제 동물들에서 흔히 나타나는 우심 부전과 폐성 고혈압은 복제견들에서는 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로, 성장이 끝난 복제견들에게서 는 출생시와 성장과정에서 심혈관계의 이상을 타나내는 징후는 확인되지 않았다. 그러므로 형질 전환 방법을 포함하는 체세포핵이식 기술은 복제견들의 심장 형태와 기능에 대해 심각한 부작용을 나타내지 않는다고 할 수 있다.
본 연구의 목적은 적색 형광 단백질 유전자 형질 전환 복제견을 포함한 복제견들에서 측정된 심장 초음파 수치를 이전에 보고된 일반개의 정상 참고 범위와 비교하는 것이다. 일곱 마리의 복제견에서 M-mode, 2D-mode, pulsed wave Doppler 그리고 Tissue Doppler Imaging을 통해 좌심, 우심 그리고 우심실 우출로의 해부학적 특징과 심장 기능을 평가하였다. 모든 복제견들은 해부학적 구조에서 특이적인 이상을 나타내지 않았으며 측정된 수치들은 정상 참고 범위 이내에 있었다. 게다가 좌심과 우심의 심근 기능 모두 정상 참고 범위 이내에 위치하였다. 특히 복제 동물들에서 흔히 나타나는 우심 부전과 폐성 고혈압은 복제견들에서는 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로, 성장이 끝난 복제견들에게서 는 출생시와 성장과정에서 심혈관계의 이상을 타나내는 징후는 확인되지 않았다. 그러므로 형질 전환 방법을 포함하는 체세포핵이식 기술은 복제견들의 심장 형태와 기능에 대해 심각한 부작용을 나타내지 않는다고 할 수 있다.
The purpose of this study was to compare echocardiographic parameters of cloned beagle dogs with the previously reported reference range. Seven cloned dogs were assessed for anatomical features and cardiac function through left- and right-sided heart and right ventricle outflow tract from M-mode, 2D...
The purpose of this study was to compare echocardiographic parameters of cloned beagle dogs with the previously reported reference range. Seven cloned dogs were assessed for anatomical features and cardiac function through left- and right-sided heart and right ventricle outflow tract from M-mode, 2D-mode, pulsed wave Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging. In all the cloned dogs, there were no abnormalities in anatomical structure and measurements were within the normal reference range. In addition, left- and right-sided myocardial function was within the normal reference range. Especially, pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure frequently encountered in cloned animals were not recognized in cloned dogs. In conclusion, no evidence of cardiovascular dysfunction in mature cloned dogs could be identified either at birth or the growing stage in this study. Therefore, serious adverse effects of somatic cell nuclear transfer technology including transgenesis on cardiac morphology and function were not found in cloned dogs.
The purpose of this study was to compare echocardiographic parameters of cloned beagle dogs with the previously reported reference range. Seven cloned dogs were assessed for anatomical features and cardiac function through left- and right-sided heart and right ventricle outflow tract from M-mode, 2D-mode, pulsed wave Doppler and tissue Doppler imaging. In all the cloned dogs, there were no abnormalities in anatomical structure and measurements were within the normal reference range. In addition, left- and right-sided myocardial function was within the normal reference range. Especially, pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure frequently encountered in cloned animals were not recognized in cloned dogs. In conclusion, no evidence of cardiovascular dysfunction in mature cloned dogs could be identified either at birth or the growing stage in this study. Therefore, serious adverse effects of somatic cell nuclear transfer technology including transgenesis on cardiac morphology and function were not found in cloned dogs.
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제안 방법
Images of the left ventricle (LV) were recorded simultaneously with a B-mode real time display in a long axis at chordal level, immediately below the mitral valve. The following measurements were made: left ventricular posterior wall thickness at end-diastole (LVPWd) and at end-systole (LVPWs); interventricular septal thickness at end-diastole (IVSd) and end-systole (IVSs); left ventricular internal dimension at end-diastole (LVIDd) and end-systole (LVIDs); left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV) and left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV). The M-mode at the level of the mitral valve was used to measure the E point to septal separation (EPSS).
Because both congenital and acquired cardiovascular disease can develop in dogs, the possibility of dysfunction derived from unexpected expression and/or defects of cardiovascular genes was assessed (26). The purpose of the present study was to compare measured echocardiographic parameters among cloned dogs, including RFP transgenic cloned dogs, to the previously published reference range. Then, the normality of cardiovascular function of cloned dogs was evaluated.
대상 데이터
This study used two female cloned dogs generated from fetal fibroblasts (Clone 1-2), four female (RFP) transgenic cloned dogs (RFP 1-4) and one recloned RFP-transgenic cloned dog (Reclone). Six cloned dogs (Clone 1-2 and RFP 1-4) were 6 years old and the recloned dog was 4 years of age.
This study was supported by RDA (#PJ010928032015), Korea IPET (#311062-04-3SB010), Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Nestle’ Purina PetCare, and the BK21 plus program.
이론/모형
Interventricular septal motion was obtained from the right parasternal short-axis view with papillary muscle during Mmode and 2D-mode echocardiography. Measurements of main pulmonary artery (MPA) and aortic (AO) diameter were obtained by the 2D-mode method using the right parasternal transaortic short-axis view. The end diastolic MPA diameter was measured right under the closed pulmonic valve, AO diameter was measured on the same frame, and the MPA/AO ratio was calculated.
Tricuspid Stdi velocity was measured (28) and a global TDI index of myocardial function (Tricuspid G-TDI) was calculated, based on the formula G-TDI = Tricuspid Stdi × tricuspid Etdi/Atdi for systolic function (32).
성능/효과
In conclusion, results of the present study indicate that echocardiographic parameters of cloned dogs and recloned offspring were within the normal reference range of beagles. In particular, it could be presumed that all cloned dogs in this study exhibited no evidence of cardiac anatomical and functional abnormalities at birth, or during the growth stage because cardiac development of female beagle dogs is considered to be completed by 13 months of age (7).
98 presents a supportive diagnosis for pulmonary hypertension in dogs (sensitivity 73%, specificity 76%) (16). In this study, there were no visible signs of MPA bulging in cloned dogs, with a normal MPA/AO ratio with normal septal motion. Although 2D-mode echocardiography can also be suggestive of pulmonary hypertension, Doppler echocardiographic evaluation is the primary method for determining actual pulmonary pressure (14).
후속연구
It has been reported that factors such as telomere length can affect aging of cloned animals (33) but such data on cloned dogs are lacking. This finding suggests that further research could be done to increase knowledge regarding aging of cloned dogs affecting cardiovascular function.
Furthermore, the recloned offspring had normal echocardiographic values compared with donor cloned dog. Though further study should be done with a larger population, it is considered that serious adverse effects of SCNT technology, including gene transgenic methods, on cardiac morphology and function were not found in cloned dogs.
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