본 연구는 정서가를 가진 소리가 시각탐색만족현상에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 시각탐색만족현상은 목표자극이 여러 개 존재하는 상황에서 하나의 목표자극을 찾고 나면 나머지 목표자극을 찾을 가능성이 낮아지는 현상이다. 이러한 현상에 대한 원인 규명에 대한 연구들 중 정서정보를 가진 자극의 효과를 알아본 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 소리의 정서가가 시각탐색만족현상에 어떤 영향을 주는지 알아보기 위하여 실험을 진행하였다. 또한 시선추적을 통해 시각탐색만족현상이 일어나는 원인을 찾고자 하였다. 참가자들이 알파벳 T자를 탐색하는 과제 도중 긍정적, 부정적 소리를 제시하였다. 그 결과, 부정적 소리가 제시되었을 때 사전적 정의의 시각탐색만족현상이 가장 크게 나타났다. 하지만 이는 현저성이 낮은 단일 목표자극 시행의 정확도가 월등히 좋았기 때문에 나타난 것이다. 효율성의 지표인 반응 시간은 목표자극 조건과 관계없이 부정적 소리가 주어졌을 때 가장 빨랐다. 목표자극 위에 떨어지는 응시점을 분류해본 결과, 목표자극을 응시하지 않아서 생기는 주사 오류가 가장 많이 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 소리의 유인과 각성수준의 상호작용에 의해 인지적 수행이 영향을 받는다는 관점에서 이해될 수 있다.
본 연구는 정서가를 가진 소리가 시각탐색만족현상에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 시각탐색만족현상은 목표자극이 여러 개 존재하는 상황에서 하나의 목표자극을 찾고 나면 나머지 목표자극을 찾을 가능성이 낮아지는 현상이다. 이러한 현상에 대한 원인 규명에 대한 연구들 중 정서정보를 가진 자극의 효과를 알아본 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 소리의 정서가가 시각탐색만족현상에 어떤 영향을 주는지 알아보기 위하여 실험을 진행하였다. 또한 시선추적을 통해 시각탐색만족현상이 일어나는 원인을 찾고자 하였다. 참가자들이 알파벳 T자를 탐색하는 과제 도중 긍정적, 부정적 소리를 제시하였다. 그 결과, 부정적 소리가 제시되었을 때 사전적 정의의 시각탐색만족현상이 가장 크게 나타났다. 하지만 이는 현저성이 낮은 단일 목표자극 시행의 정확도가 월등히 좋았기 때문에 나타난 것이다. 효율성의 지표인 반응 시간은 목표자극 조건과 관계없이 부정적 소리가 주어졌을 때 가장 빨랐다. 목표자극 위에 떨어지는 응시점을 분류해본 결과, 목표자극을 응시하지 않아서 생기는 주사 오류가 가장 많이 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 소리의 유인과 각성수준의 상호작용에 의해 인지적 수행이 영향을 받는다는 관점에서 이해될 수 있다.
This study examined the effect of emotional sounds on satisfaction of search (SOS). SOS occurs when detection of a target results in a lesser chance of finding subsequent targets when searching for an unknown number of targets. Previous studies have examined factors that may influence the phenomenon...
This study examined the effect of emotional sounds on satisfaction of search (SOS). SOS occurs when detection of a target results in a lesser chance of finding subsequent targets when searching for an unknown number of targets. Previous studies have examined factors that may influence the phenomenon, but the effect of emotional sounds is yet to be identified. Therefore, the current study investigated how emotional sound affects magnitude of the SOS effect. In addition, participants' eye movements were recorded to determine the source of SOS errors. The search display included abstract T and L-shaped items on a cloudy background and positive and negative sounds. Results demonstrated that negative sounds produced the largest SOS effect by definition, but this was due to superior accuracy in low-salient single target trials. Response time, which represents efficiency, was consistently faster when negative sounds were provided, in all target conditions. On-target fixation classification revealed scanning error, which occurs because targets are not fixated, as the most prominent type of error. These results imply that the two dimensions of emotion - valence and arousal - interactively affect cognitive performance.
This study examined the effect of emotional sounds on satisfaction of search (SOS). SOS occurs when detection of a target results in a lesser chance of finding subsequent targets when searching for an unknown number of targets. Previous studies have examined factors that may influence the phenomenon, but the effect of emotional sounds is yet to be identified. Therefore, the current study investigated how emotional sound affects magnitude of the SOS effect. In addition, participants' eye movements were recorded to determine the source of SOS errors. The search display included abstract T and L-shaped items on a cloudy background and positive and negative sounds. Results demonstrated that negative sounds produced the largest SOS effect by definition, but this was due to superior accuracy in low-salient single target trials. Response time, which represents efficiency, was consistently faster when negative sounds were provided, in all target conditions. On-target fixation classification revealed scanning error, which occurs because targets are not fixated, as the most prominent type of error. These results imply that the two dimensions of emotion - valence and arousal - interactively affect cognitive performance.
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문제 정의
This study attempted to investigate how emotional sounds influence SOS. From behavioural results, trials with negative sounds added insights to uncovering the nature of the SOS effect.
제안 방법
During the experiment, participants’ eye movements were tracked using a SensoMotoric Instruments RED-m eye tracker (SensoMotoric Instruments GmbH, Teltow, Germany).
In conclusion, the current study adds meaningful contributions to the existing literature on SOS by demonstrating varying effects of emotional sounds on inducing the SOS effect. Although negative sounds produced the largest SOS per se, a closer look at the phenomenon indicated that it is because accuracy of negative sound low-salient single target trials was exceptional.
Performance for the low-salient target was of specific interest in the analysis. Single target accuracy was computed by dividing the number of correct low-salient single target detections (correct T1LS) by the total number of single target trials (total T1LS). Dual target accuracy computation involved dual target trials in which the high-salient target was detected first to add more conservativeness in the analysis.
The authors compared more and less experienced radiologists’ x-ray image search patterns.
A study from Cain, Adamo, and Mitroff (2013) demonstrated that high-salient single target, low-salient single target and dual target ratio of 1 : 1 : 8 with a 15 seconds time limit successfully induced SOS. The current experiment slightly modified the ratio and used 1 : 1 : 6.25 (24 : 24 : 150 trials for each target condition), considering the number of sound conditions that needs to be included.
(2010) examined the effect of target saliency, time pressure and expectations about the number of targets on SOS. The experimental task was to find perfect T-shaped targets among distorted T or L-shaped distractors on an abstract cloudy background. Their results showed that SOS arises when searchers have a biased expectation about target types and the number of targets.
Although the effects of emotional stimuli have been studied quite extensively, not many have attempted to analyse the effect of emotion on SOS. Therefore, the current study attempted to examine how emotional sounds influence performance in multiple target search. In line with research that demonstrated facilitatory effect of negative sounds, better performance was expected when negative sounds are provided compared to when no sound is given.
This study also attempted to examine the source of SOS errors by recording participants’ eye movements.
대상 데이터
All gave informed consent and self-reported that they have normal or corrected-to-normal vision and hearing. 20 participants were randomly selected for eye movement recording.
1% of total SOS trials). Data from four participants were excluded from the analysis either because they misunderstood the task instruction or their eye movement was not recorded properly, leaving 16 participants to be included in the analysis.
The experiment consisted of six blocks of 33 trials, in total 198 trials. Each trial had a time limit of 15 seconds.
7 seconds. The modified sounds were evaluated for their valence and arousal levels by 10 participants. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that all sounds were similar in their arousal levels, F(3, 27) = 1.
Thirty five people (15 males, 20 females) with a mean age of 22.6 years participated in the experiment. All gave informed consent and self-reported that they have normal or corrected-to-normal vision and hearing.
데이터처리
Data from one participant was excluded from the analysis because the participant did not complete the experiment properly. A 2 x 3 repeated measures ANOVA was conducted on the accuracy data with number of targets (single or dual) and sound conditions (positive, negative or no sound) as within-subjects factors. The analysis revealed a significant main effect of target, F(1, 33) = 68.
Only RTs for correct trials were included in the analysis. A one-way repeated ANOVA was conducted on each target level with the three sound conditions as within-subjects factors. For low-salient single target trials, RT differences among the three sound conditions were significant, F(2, 66) = 3.
성능/효과
Classification result suggested that of all the trials in which the low-salient target was missed, 68.3% was attributable to scanning error. 31.
Trials in which low-salient target was fixated was categorised in a similar way. Results revealed that negative sound trials produced less recognition or decision error than no sound and positive sound trials. Unlike in the low-salient target not fixated trials, sounds behaved in an opposite way, as negative sound trials showed reduced recognition or decision error [Table 2].
후속연구
Eye tracking results identified scanning error as the most frequent type of error. Future research should investigate properties of dual target trials that attenuated effects of sound emotion from appearing in the current study. Also suggested is introducing a context to the experiment paradigm instead of using abstract T and L shapes, so that it provides more implications for real-life situations.
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