The objective of this study was to analyze the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of two horticultural activities: seed sowing and planting plant. Thirty-one male university students (aged $26.2{\pm}2.0years$) participated in this study. Kinematic factors (movement times, peak velocity...
The objective of this study was to analyze the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of two horticultural activities: seed sowing and planting plant. Thirty-one male university students (aged $26.2{\pm}2.0years$) participated in this study. Kinematic factors (movement times, peak velocity, joint angles, and grasp patterns) were assessed using a three-dimensional motion analysis system while the subjects performed the horticultural activities. Kinetic factors (muscle activation of eight upper-limb muscles: the anterior deltoid, serratus anterior, upper trapezius, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and flexor carpi radialis) were assessed using surface electromyography. The acts of seed sowing and planting plant were comprised of five tasks which included six types of phases: reaching, grasping, back transporting, forward transporting, watering, and releasing. The movement times, peak velocity, joint angles, and grasp patterns were significantly different across the tasks involved in the horticultural activities. All eight muscles of the upper limbs were utilized during the horticultural activities, and the muscle activation of the serratus anterior was the highest compared to that of the other muscles tested. The kinematic and kinetic characteristics of these horticultural activities showed similar characteristics to reaching and grasping rehabilitation training and daily living activities. The present study provides reference data for common horticultural activities using a kinematic and kinetic analysis.
The objective of this study was to analyze the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of two horticultural activities: seed sowing and planting plant. Thirty-one male university students (aged $26.2{\pm}2.0years$) participated in this study. Kinematic factors (movement times, peak velocity, joint angles, and grasp patterns) were assessed using a three-dimensional motion analysis system while the subjects performed the horticultural activities. Kinetic factors (muscle activation of eight upper-limb muscles: the anterior deltoid, serratus anterior, upper trapezius, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and flexor carpi radialis) were assessed using surface electromyography. The acts of seed sowing and planting plant were comprised of five tasks which included six types of phases: reaching, grasping, back transporting, forward transporting, watering, and releasing. The movement times, peak velocity, joint angles, and grasp patterns were significantly different across the tasks involved in the horticultural activities. All eight muscles of the upper limbs were utilized during the horticultural activities, and the muscle activation of the serratus anterior was the highest compared to that of the other muscles tested. The kinematic and kinetic characteristics of these horticultural activities showed similar characteristics to reaching and grasping rehabilitation training and daily living activities. The present study provides reference data for common horticultural activities using a kinematic and kinetic analysis.
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문제 정의
This study provides kinematic and kinetic reference data for common horticultural activities using a kinematic and kinetic analysis. The results of the study support the findings of previous studies and provide valuable information for the development of specialized horticultural therapy programs as discussed below.
This study provides reference data for common horticultural activities using kinematic and kinetic analyses. Horticultural activities consist of complex tasks in terms of kinematics, containing several different motions such as reaching, grasping, back transporting, watering, forward transporting, and releasing.
제안 방법
The capture rate of the four cameras was 60 frames per second and the exposure time was 1/500 s. A standard calibration frame (2 m x 1 m x 1 m) was placed in the testing area and recorded by the cameras for 1 min in order to provide a standard coordinate for data analysis.
Among the eight phases, the reaching phase had a significantly higher peak velocity than other phases, and had the highest peak velocity during five of the different tasks: filling a tray with soil (0.73 ± 0.15 m/s), filling a pot with soil (0.75 ± 0.14 m/s), sowing seeds in the tray (0.75 ± 0.12 m/s), planting a plant in a pot (0.70 ± 0.15 m/s), and watering with a spray bottle (0.74± 0.13 m/s).
The research volunteer list of Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea, was used to recruit a convenience sample of male subjects in their 20s. Researchers contacted male university students by phone or through face-to-face contact, providing explanations regarding the objective of study, procedures, schedule, and requirements. Inclusion criteria included no prior surgery of the upper limbs or spine within five years, an absence of musculoskeletal or neurological problems, and right hand dominance (Murphy et al.
The objective of the current study was to examine the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of two common horticultural activities, sowing seeds and planting plant, during normal movement without any physical restraints, in order to provide reference data from healthy control subjects.
A demonstration and oral explanation were provided by the researchers to each subject before the start of each activity. The subjects performed each horticultural activity twice with a 30 s resting period between each activity (Fig. 2). The total experimental time for each subject averaged 60 min.
Because the repeated tasks of adding soil to the tray or pot were conducted using the same method and the data were same, the repeated data were combined during the analysis. Watering with a watering can or with a spray bottle included two more phases than the other tasks performed, so the statistical analysis for the total movement times during these activities was conducted separately.
대상 데이터
Four cameras (GR-HD1KR, JVC, Yokohama, Japan) were positioned around the testing area as shown in Fig. 1. The capture rate of the four cameras was 60 frames per second and the exposure time was 1/500 s.
The final sample was composed of 31 male university students aged 26.2 ± 2.0 years, whose characteristics are presented in Table 1.
The study was performed in a motor mechanics laboratory at Konkuk University, which contained a desk (1.2 m x 0.8 m x 0.7 m) and a height-adjustable stool were previously prepared in the laboratory. The average temperature and relative humidity in the lab during the experiment were 18.
데이터처리
The kinematic and kinetic characteristics of the tasks and phases during the horticultural activities were compared using one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range tests conducted with SPSS (v18 for Windows; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).
When the results of the ANOVA test were statistically significant, Duncan’s multiple range test was conducted to determine the differences between the means of peak velocity at p < 0.01.
When the results of the ANOVA test were statistically significant, Duncan’s multiple range test was conducted to determine the differences between the means of the joint angles at p < 0.001.
When the results of the ANOVA test were statistically significant, a Duncan’s multiple range test was conducted to determine the differences between the means of movement times at p < 0.001.
When the results of the ANOVA test were statistically significant, a Duncan’s multiple range test was conducted to determine the differences between the means of muscle activation data at p < 0.001.
When the results of the ANOVA test were statistically significant, a Duncan’s multiple range test was conducted to determine the differences between the means of peak velocity at p < 0.001.
zA one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was conducted to compare the means of movement times data for four or six phases in each task at p < 0.05.
zTo compare the means of joint angle for each task, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was conducted at p < 0.05.
zTo compare the means of peak velocity data for four or six phases in each task, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was conducted at p < 0.05.
이론/모형
Kinematic Factors: Movement Times, Peak Velocity, Joint Angles, and Grasping Patterns. The recorded two-dimensional image photography data was digitized and converted into three-dimensional images using a direct linear transformation method (AbdelAziz and Karara, 1971) with Kwon 3D software (XP 3D, Visol). The markers were displayed on the computer images and produced X (forward-back), Y (lateral), and Z (vertical) coordinate values for the measured motions (total 69,670 images)
성능/효과
(1999) reported that reaching over a larger distance results in higher activation of this muscle. The results of the current study demonstrate that the motions involved in horticultural activity are similar to reaching and grasping training motions. Moreover, the muscles on the shoulder girdle were activated to a significantly greater extent compared to the muscles on the arm during horticultural activities; for example, tasks such as filling a tray with soil, sowing seeds in the tray, watering with a spray bottle, and positioning a pot showed higher muscle activation for the five muscles on shoulder girdle than for the arm muscles.
후속연구
The reference data in this study provides useful information for the development of a horticultural therapy program for the rehabilitation of upper limbs; moreover, the information about the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of horticultural tasks can be used to support the physical therapeutic mechanisms of horticultural interventions. Future studies are needed to analyze the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of subjects with impairments and disabilities of the upper extremities.
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