[국내논문]국립수목원의 전나무(Abies holophylla) 조림지의 물 이용 효율의 계절 및 경년 변동 Seasonal and Inter-annual Variability of Water Use Efficiency of an Abies holophylla Plantation in Korea National Arboretum원문보기
물 이용 효율(water use efficiency, WUE)은 생태계의 에너지-물질-정보의 흐름과 연관된 프로세스-구조 사이의 관계에 대한 정보를 제공하는 중요한 생태학적 지표로 간주된다. 생태계 단위의 WUE 는 총일차생산량(gross primary productivity, GPP)과 증발산(evapotranspiration, ET)의 비로 정의될 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 국립수목원에 위치한 전나무(Abies holophylla) 조림지의 WUE 를 조사하기 위해 KoFlux 에서 장기간(2007-2015) 에디공분산 방법으로 관측된 이산화탄소와 수증기 플럭스를 사용하였다. 연구의 목적은 전나무 조림지의 WUE의 계절 및 경년 변동을 규명하여 탄력(resilience) 평가를 위한 총체적인 생태학적 지표의 개발에 활용하는 것이다. 분석 결과에 따르면, 전나무 조림지의 WUE는 8월에 최소값($1.8-3.3g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$), 2월에 최대값($5.1-11.4g\;C\;(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$)을 갖는 오목한 형태의 계절 변동을 보였다. 성장기(4 월-10 월)의 WUE 는 평균 $3.5{\pm}0.3g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$ 이었고, 휴면기(11 월-3 월)의 WUE는 평균 $7.4{\pm}1.0g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$로서 경년 변동의 폭이 컸다. 이 전나무 조림지의 WUE 는 문헌에 보고된 다른 온대 지역 침엽수림의 WUE 와 비교했을 때, 상대적으로 높은 범위에 속한다. 성장기는 4 월부터 10 월까지의 기간으로 정의하였으나, 실제 성장기의 길이(growing season length, GSL)는 매년 변화하였고, 이러한 GSL의 변화가 성장기 WUE의 경년 변동의 62%를 설명하였다. 이 연구는 생태계 단위 WUE의 장기 변동을 정량화 한 국내 첫 결과로서, 산림생태계 모형, 위성 알고리즘 및 탄력을 시험하는 데 활용할 수 있다.
물 이용 효율(water use efficiency, WUE)은 생태계의 에너지-물질-정보의 흐름과 연관된 프로세스-구조 사이의 관계에 대한 정보를 제공하는 중요한 생태학적 지표로 간주된다. 생태계 단위의 WUE 는 총일차생산량(gross primary productivity, GPP)과 증발산(evapotranspiration, ET)의 비로 정의될 수 있다. 이 연구에서는 국립수목원에 위치한 전나무(Abies holophylla) 조림지의 WUE 를 조사하기 위해 KoFlux 에서 장기간(2007-2015) 에디공분산 방법으로 관측된 이산화탄소와 수증기 플럭스를 사용하였다. 연구의 목적은 전나무 조림지의 WUE의 계절 및 경년 변동을 규명하여 탄력(resilience) 평가를 위한 총체적인 생태학적 지표의 개발에 활용하는 것이다. 분석 결과에 따르면, 전나무 조림지의 WUE는 8월에 최소값($1.8-3.3g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$), 2월에 최대값($5.1-11.4g\;C\;(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$)을 갖는 오목한 형태의 계절 변동을 보였다. 성장기(4 월-10 월)의 WUE 는 평균 $3.5{\pm}0.3g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$ 이었고, 휴면기(11 월-3 월)의 WUE는 평균 $7.4{\pm}1.0g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$로서 경년 변동의 폭이 컸다. 이 전나무 조림지의 WUE 는 문헌에 보고된 다른 온대 지역 침엽수림의 WUE 와 비교했을 때, 상대적으로 높은 범위에 속한다. 성장기는 4 월부터 10 월까지의 기간으로 정의하였으나, 실제 성장기의 길이(growing season length, GSL)는 매년 변화하였고, 이러한 GSL의 변화가 성장기 WUE의 경년 변동의 62%를 설명하였다. 이 연구는 생태계 단위 WUE의 장기 변동을 정량화 한 국내 첫 결과로서, 산림생태계 모형, 위성 알고리즘 및 탄력을 시험하는 데 활용할 수 있다.
Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important ecological indicator which may provide information on the process-structure relationships associated with energy-matter-information flows in ecosystem. The WUE at ecosystem-level can be defined as the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) ...
Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important ecological indicator which may provide information on the process-structure relationships associated with energy-matter-information flows in ecosystem. The WUE at ecosystem-level can be defined as the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET). In this study, KoFlux's long-term (2007-2015) eddy covariance measurements of $CO_2$ and water vapor fluxes were used to examine the WUE of needle fir plantation in Korea National Arboretum. Our objective is to ascertain the seasonality and inter-annual variability in WUE of this needle fir plantation so that the results may be assimilated into the development of a holistic ecological indicator for resilience assessment. Our results show that the WUE of needle fir plantation is characterized by a concave seasonal pattern with a minimum ($1.8-3.3g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$) in August and a maximum ($5.1-11.4g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$) in February. During the growing season (April to October), WUE was on average $3.5{\pm}0.3g\;C\;(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$. During the dormant seasons (November to March), WUE showed more variations with a mean of $7.4{\pm}1.0g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$. These values are in the upper ranges of WUE reported in the literature for coniferous forests in temperate zone. Although the growing season was defined as the period from April to October, the actual length of the growing season (GSL) varied each year and its variation explained 62% of the inter-annual variability of the growing season WUE. This is the first study to quantify long-term changes in ecosystem-level WUE in Korea and the results can be used to test models, remote-sensing algorithms and resilience of forest ecosystem.
Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important ecological indicator which may provide information on the process-structure relationships associated with energy-matter-information flows in ecosystem. The WUE at ecosystem-level can be defined as the ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET). In this study, KoFlux's long-term (2007-2015) eddy covariance measurements of $CO_2$ and water vapor fluxes were used to examine the WUE of needle fir plantation in Korea National Arboretum. Our objective is to ascertain the seasonality and inter-annual variability in WUE of this needle fir plantation so that the results may be assimilated into the development of a holistic ecological indicator for resilience assessment. Our results show that the WUE of needle fir plantation is characterized by a concave seasonal pattern with a minimum ($1.8-3.3g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$) in August and a maximum ($5.1-11.4g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$) in February. During the growing season (April to October), WUE was on average $3.5{\pm}0.3g\;C\;(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$. During the dormant seasons (November to March), WUE showed more variations with a mean of $7.4{\pm}1.0g\;C{\cdot}(kg\;H_2O)^{-1}$. These values are in the upper ranges of WUE reported in the literature for coniferous forests in temperate zone. Although the growing season was defined as the period from April to October, the actual length of the growing season (GSL) varied each year and its variation explained 62% of the inter-annual variability of the growing season WUE. This is the first study to quantify long-term changes in ecosystem-level WUE in Korea and the results can be used to test models, remote-sensing algorithms and resilience of forest ecosystem.
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문제 정의
, GPP and ET) to examine the WUE in needle fir plantation in Korea National Arboretum. Our objective is to ascertain the seasonality and inter-annual variability in WUE of this rapidly growing plantation so that the results may be assimilated into the development of a holistic ecological indicator for resilience assessment. This is the first study in Korea to document long-term changes in ecosystem-level WUE and we report that the needle fir plantation’s WUE is relatively higher than those of other coniferous forests in temperate zone.
이 연구에서는 국립수목원에 위치한 전나무(Abies holophylla) 조림지의 WUE를 조사하기 위해 KoFlux 에서 장기간(2007–2015) 에디공 분산 방법으로 관측된 이산화탄소와 수증기 플럭스를 사용하였다. 연구의 목적은 전나무 조림지의 WUE 의 계절 및 경년 변동을 규명하여 탄력(resilience) 평가를 위한 총체적인 생태학적 지표의 개발에 활용하는 것이다. 분석 결과에 따르면, 전나무 조림지의 WUE 는8 월에 최소값(1.
가설 설정
Several questions arise concerning the WUE of needle fir plantation. How efficiently does this plantation use water? What is the variability of WUE? What causes such variations? Is WUE a good indicator for system resilience? In this study, we used almost a decade-long (2007-2015) KoFlux eddy covariance data (i.e.
제안 방법
2 shows the mean (except P with individual years’) seasonal patterns of climatic conditions from Taylor, 1994). After following all the standardized processes mentioned above, the half-hourly data were aggregated to make daily values of NEE, GPP, RE and LE. Further more detailed information on quality control and gap filling procedure can be found in Hong 2007 to 2015.
대상 데이터
The study was conducted at the Gwangneung coniferous forest KoFlux site (GCK) in the central Korean Peninsula (37o44′54.7″N, 127o9′46.6″E) from 2007 to 2015.
Several questions arise concerning the WUE of needle fir plantation. How efficiently does this plantation use water? What is the variability of WUE? What causes such variations? Is WUE a good indicator for system resilience? In this study, we used almost a decade-long (2007-2015) KoFlux eddy covariance data (i.e., GPP and ET) to examine the WUE in needle fir plantation in Korea National Arboretum. Our objective is to ascertain the seasonality and inter-annual variability in WUE of this rapidly growing plantation so that the results may be assimilated into the development of a holistic ecological indicator for resilience assessment.
The CO2 and H2O flux data were measured at 40 m using an open-path eddy covariance (EC) system which consisted of an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) (Model LI-7500; LI-COR Inc.) and a 3-D sonic anemometer (Model CSAT3; Campbell Scientific Inc.). The EC signals were recorded at 10 Hz along with half-hourly statistics in a datalogger (Model CR5000; Campbell Scientific Inc.
이 연구에서는 국립수목원에 위치한 전나무(Abies holophylla) 조림지의 WUE를 조사하기 위해 KoFlux 에서 장기간(2007–2015) 에디공 분산 방법으로 관측된 이산화탄소와 수증기 플럭스를 사용하였다.
This work was funded by the Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program under Grant Weather Information Service Engine (WISE) project, KMIPA-2012-0001-2. The long-term GCK time series data used in this study were developed by the support from the Korea Forest Service (Project #S111215L020110).
이론/모형
To improve the data quality by eliminating undesirable data, the collected data were examined by the quality control (QC) procedure based on the KoFlux data processing protocol (Hong et al., 2009; Kang et al., 2014). This procedure includes a sector-wise planar fit rotation (Wilczak et al.
After QC, gap filling was performed for the night time and day time data separately per incoming solar radiation. The missing fluxes of CO2 (daytime only) and latent heat (LE) were estimated using the method of marginal distribution sampling (MDS) (Reichstein et al., 2005; Hong et al., 2009). The flux data were binned by meteorological variables (that control the fluxes) such as R, T, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) over a fixed period (e.
성능/효과
분석 결과에 따르면, 전나무 조림지의 WUE 는8 월에 최소값(1.8 - 3.3 g C⋅(kg H2O)-1), 2 월에 최대값(5.1 - 11.4 g C (kg H2O)-1)을 갖는 오목한 형태의 계절 변동을 보였다.
후속연구
성장기는 4 월부터 10 월까지의 기간으로 정의하였으나, 실제 성장기의 길이(growing season length, GSL)는 매년 변화하였고, 이러한 GSL의 변화가 성장기 WUE 의 경년 변동의 62%를 설명하였다. 이 연구는 생태계 단위 WUE 의 장기 변동을 정량화 한 국내 첫 결과로서, 산림생태계 모형, 위성 알고리즘 및 탄력을 시험하는 데 활용할 수 있다.
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