$\require{mediawiki-texvc}$

연합인증

연합인증 가입 기관의 연구자들은 소속기관의 인증정보(ID와 암호)를 이용해 다른 대학, 연구기관, 서비스 공급자의 다양한 온라인 자원과 연구 데이터를 이용할 수 있습니다.

이는 여행자가 자국에서 발행 받은 여권으로 세계 각국을 자유롭게 여행할 수 있는 것과 같습니다.

연합인증으로 이용이 가능한 서비스는 NTIS, DataON, Edison, Kafe, Webinar 등이 있습니다.

한번의 인증절차만으로 연합인증 가입 서비스에 추가 로그인 없이 이용이 가능합니다.

다만, 연합인증을 위해서는 최초 1회만 인증 절차가 필요합니다. (회원이 아닐 경우 회원 가입이 필요합니다.)

연합인증 절차는 다음과 같습니다.

최초이용시에는
ScienceON에 로그인 → 연합인증 서비스 접속 → 로그인 (본인 확인 또는 회원가입) → 서비스 이용

그 이후에는
ScienceON 로그인 → 연합인증 서비스 접속 → 서비스 이용

연합인증을 활용하시면 KISTI가 제공하는 다양한 서비스를 편리하게 이용하실 수 있습니다.

심리외상 이후의 신체증상
Somatic Symptoms after Psychological Trauma 원문보기

精神身體醫學 = Korean journal of psychosomatic medicine, v.24 no.1, 2016년, pp.43 - 53  

박주언 (계요병원 정신건강의학과) ,  안현의 (이화여자대학교 심리학과) ,  김원형 (인하대병원 정신건강의학과)

초록
AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

연구목적 심리외상에 노출된 이후 신체증상이 매우 빈번히 발생하곤 한다. 이러한 신체증상은 사회기능과 직업기능 및 환자-의사 관계와 종종 연관되지만 외상후스트레스장애 진단 범주에 포함되지 않은 상태이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 신체증상의 기전, 흔한 임상양상, 그리고 치료에 대해 고찰하고자 한다. 방 법 PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, KoreaMed, KISS와 같은 학술검색엔진을 사용하여 2016년 3월 31일까지 검색된 심리외상 노출 이후 신체증상에 관한 자료를 바탕으로 연구하였다. 결 과 심리외상 노출 이후의 신체증상의 발생 기전은 심리적인 측면과 생리적인 측면으로 구분될 수 있었다. 심리기전은 정신역동이론, 인지행동이론, 그리고 다른 이론들이 포함되었다. 생리기전은 신경내분비 및 면역계, 자율신경계, 중추 신경계의 변화로 설명되었다. 심리외상과 연관된 신체증상은 두경부, 흉부, 복부, 기타 근골격계, 피부 및 면역계에서 나타나는 다양한 건강문제로 표현되었다. 이러한 신체증상의 표준화된 치료에 대한 연구는 매우 부족하였다. 결 론 임상의와 재난정신건강지원 실무자는 심리외상에 대한 개입이나 PTSD 치료 동안 동반된 신체증상에 대해 항상 염두에 두어야 한다. 심리외상과 PTSD에서 보이는 이러한 신체증상에 대해 더 많은 연구가 진행될 필요가 있다.

Abstract AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

Objectives : Somatic symptoms after the exposure of psychological trauma frequently developed. However, the somatic symptoms are not covered under the diagnostic criteria of posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) in detail, although they are often associated with social and occupational functioning and...

주제어

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper 아이콘 AI-Helper

* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.

문제 정의

  • 본 논문에서는 심리외상 이후에 발생할 수 있는 신체증상의 기전에 대해 고찰하고 PTSD 진단을 고려하여 심리외상후 발생한 신체증상을 설명하고자 한다. 또한 외상 발생 후 시행되는 치료들이 신체증상에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자한다. 이를 위해 somatic symptoms(신체증상), somatization(신체화), psychological trauma(심리외상), traumatic event(외상사건), posttraumatic stress disorder(외상후스트레스장애)를 주요 주제어로 선정하였다.
  • 본 논문에서는 심리외상 이후에 발생할 수 있는 신체증상의 기전에 대해 고찰하고 PTSD 진단을 고려하여 심리외상후 발생한 신체증상을 설명하고자 한다. 또한 외상 발생 후 시행되는 치료들이 신체증상에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자한다.

가설 설정

  • 예를 들어 외상사건 동안 방어기제로 발생한 부동(freezing)이나 통각상실(analgesia)과 같은 증상들이 기억에 표상(representation)으로 남겨진다는 것이다. 외상경험 이후 일어난 생리 변화가 외상 이전으로 회복되지 못할 때 주의감독체계(supervisory attentional system)는 신체에 집중하게 되고 인지의 왜곡을 초래하는 것이다. 이런 경험들이 기억에 남겨진 강렬한 체성감각의 표상들로 하여금 질병경험의 확대로 이어지게 하고 이를 통해 최종적으로 신체증상을 유발하게 되는 것이다.
본문요약 정보가 도움이 되었나요?

질의응답

핵심어 질문 논문에서 추출한 답변
심리외상은 어떤 경우에 발생하는가? 스트레스는 심리 혹은 신체적으로 감당하기 어려운 상황에 처했을 때 느끼는 불안과 위협에 대한 반응을 의미한다.1) 심리외상(psychological trauma)은 특정 스트레스 요인인 죽음, 심각한 부상, 또는 성폭력이 실제 일어났거나 거의 그럴뻔한 외상사건(traumatic event)이나 이러한 사건이 지속되는 상항에 의해 발생한다.2) 심리외상에 적응하지 못하게 되면 그 외상사건 연관된 과각성이 지속되고 이런 기전은 외상기억에 의해 강화되며, 이를 통해 평온한 상태에서 극심한 불안, 동요, 분노, 과도한 경계 상태로 급격하게 변하게 된다.
외상 이후의 신체증상에 의해서 자율신경계는 어떤 변화가 있는가? 더불어 자율신경계의 변화로도 외상 이후의 신체증상을 설명할 수 있다. 즉, 위협이나 심리외상에 노출되면 교감신경계의 과각성과 부교감신경계의 저각성을 통해 생존반응이 일어난다.42) 위협이 그친 이후에도 외상경험자들은 지속적으로 직간접적인 외상과 관련되어 자극을 받는 자율신경계의 민감성으로 인해 고통을 겪게 되는 것이다. 이로 인해 신체감각의 마비나 고통스러운 신체반응의 강화와 같은 형태로 나타나게 된다.43) 이를 더 발전시킨 Porges의 다미주신경이론(polyvagal theory)44)에 따르면, 의문핵(nucleus ambiguus)의 복측미주복합체(ventral vagal complex)을 통해 사회참여(social engagement)라는 첫 반응이 일어난 이후 배측미주복합체(dorsal vagal complex)에서 매개된 교감신경계의 도피-투쟁-부동(flight-fight-freeze) 반응과 부교감신경계의 고정-허탈(immobilization-collapse) 반응이 나타난다.
심리외상에 적응하지 못하게 된다면 어떤 결과가 초래되는가? 1) 심리외상(psychological trauma)은 특정 스트레스 요인인 죽음, 심각한 부상, 또는 성폭력이 실제 일어났거나 거의 그럴뻔한 외상사건(traumatic event)이나 이러한 사건이 지속되는 상항에 의해 발생한다.2) 심리외상에 적응하지 못하게 되면 그 외상사건 연관된 과각성이 지속되고 이런 기전은 외상기억에 의해 강화되며, 이를 통해 평온한 상태에서 극심한 불안, 동요, 분노, 과도한 경계 상태로 급격하게 변하게 된다. 따라서 심리외상은 극심한 만성 스트레스반응의 한 형태로 볼 수 있으며 이로 인한 가장 대표적인 질환이 외상후스트레스장애(posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD)이다.
질의응답 정보가 도움이 되었나요?

참고문헌 (118)

  1. Lazarus RS. From psychological stress to the emotions: a history of changing outlooks. Annu Rev Psychol 1993;44:1-21. 

  2. APA. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. fifth edition ed: American Psychiatric Association;2013. 

  3. van der Kolk BA, Roth S, Pelcovitz D, Sunday S, Spinazzola J. Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma. J Trauma Stress 2005;18:389-399. 

  4. Taylor S, Asmundson GJ, Carleton RN. Simple versus complex PTSD: a cluster analytic investigation. J Anxiety Disord 2006;20:459-472. 

  5. Westermeyer JJ, Campbell R, Lien R, Spring M, Johnson DR, Butcher J, Hyland J, Thuras P, Jaranson JM. HADStress: a somatic symptom screen for posttraumatic stress among Somali refugees. Psychiatr Serv 2010;61:1132-1137. 

  6. Burton C. Beyond somatisation: a review of the understanding and treatment of medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS). Br J Gen Pract 2003;53:231-239. 

  7. Escobar JI, Hoyos-Nervi C, Gara M. Medically unexplained physical symptoms in medical practice: a psychiatric perspective. Environ Health Perspect 2002;110 Suppl 4:631-636. 

  8. Osorio C, Carvalho C, Fertout M, Maia A. Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and physical health complaints among Portuguese Army Special Operations Forces deployed in Afghanistan. Mil Med 2012;177:957-962. 

  9. North CS. Somatization in survivors of catastrophic trauma: a methodological review. Environ Health Perspect 2002;110 Suppl 4:637-640. 

  10. Hinton DE, Otto MW. Symptom Presentation and Symptom Meaning Among Traumatized Cambodian Refugees: Relevance to a Somatically Focused Cognitive-Behavior Therapy. Cogn Behav Pract 2006;13:249-260. 

  11. Chung R, Bemak F. Handbook of Asian American psychology 2nd ed ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc;2007. 

  12. Ang DC, Peloso PM, Woolson RF, Kroenke K, Doebbeling BN. Predictors of incident chronic widespread pain among veterans following the first Gulf War. Clin J Pain 2006;22:554-563. 

  13. Ciccone DS, Elliott DK, Chandler HK, Nayak S, Raphael KG. Sexual and physical abuse in women with fibromyalgia syndrome: a test of the trauma hypothesis. Clin J Pain 2005;21:378-386. 

  14. Delvaux M, Denis P, Allemand H. Sexual abuse is more frequently reported by IBS patients than by patients with organic digestive diseases or controls. Results of a multicentre inquiry. French Club of Digestive Motility. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997;9:345-352. 

  15. Dobie DJ, Kivlahan DR, Maynard C, Bush KR, Davis TM, Bradley KA. Posttraumatic stress disorder in female veterans: association with self-reported health problems and functional impairment. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:394-400. 

  16. Anderberg UM, Marteinsdottir I, Theorell T, von Knorring L. The impact of life events in female patients with fibromyalgia and in female healthy controls. Eur Psychiatry 2000;15:295-301. 

  17. Doyle JP, Frank E, Saltzman LE, McMahon PM, Fielding BD. Domestic violence and sexual abuse in women physicians: associated medical, psychiatric, and professional difficulties. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 1999;8:955-965. 

  18. Choi HK. Effects of traumatic events on posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout, physical symptoms, and social and occupational functions in Korean fire fighters. Ajou University 2010. 

  19. Rohlof HG, Knipscheer JW, Kleber RJ. Somatization in refugees: a review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2014;49:1793-1804. 

  20. Deary V, Chalder T, Sharpe M. The cognitive behavioural model of medically unexplained symptoms: a theoretical and empirical review. Clin Psychol Rev 2007;27:781-797. 

  21. Tak LM. Dysfunction of stress responsive systems in somatization. University of Groningen 2009. 

  22. Lariviere WR, Melzack R. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in pain and analgesia. Pain 2000;84:1-12. 

  23. Fries E, Hesse J, Hellhammer J, Hellhammer DH. A new view on hypocortisolism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005;30:1010-1016. 

  24. Dishman RK, Nakamura Y, Garcia ME, Thompson RW, Dunn AL, Blair SN. Heart rate variability, trait anxiety, and perceived stress among physically fit men and women. Int J Psychophysiol 2000;37:121-133. 

  25. Dantzer R. Somatization: a psychoneuroimmune perspective. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2005;30:947-952. 

  26. D'Andrea W, Sharma R, Zelechoski AD, Spinazzola J. Physical health problems after single trauma exposure: when stress takes root in the body. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2011;17:378-392. 

  27. McEwen BS, Wingfield JC. The concept of allostasis in biology and biomedicine. Horm Behav 2003;43:2-15. 

  28. RJ M. Kaplan & Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of psychiatry. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;2009. 

  29. Janet P. The Major Symptoms of Hysteria. New York: McMillen; 1920. 

  30. Vaillant GE. Theoretical hierarchy of adaptive ego mechanisms: a 30-year follow-up of 30 men selected for psychological health. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1971;24:107-118. 

  31. Pribor EF, Yutzy SH, Dean JT, Wetzel RD. Briquet's syndrome, dissociation, and abuse. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1507-1511. 

  32. Goodsitt A. Self-regulatory disturbances in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders 1983;2:51-60. 

  33. Brown RJ. Psychological mechanisms of medically unexplained symptoms: an integrative conceptual model. Psychol Bull 2004;130:793-812. 

  34. McCracken LM, Gross RT, Sorg PJ, Edmands TA. Prediction of pain in patients with chronic low back pain: effects of inaccurate prediction and pain-related anxiety. Behav Res Ther 1993;31:647-652. 

  35. McFarlane AC, Atchison M, Rafalowicz E, Papay P. Physical symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychosom Res 1994;38:715-726. 

  36. Crombez G, Eccleston C, Baeyens F, Eelen P. When somatic information threatens, catastrophic thinking enhances attentional interference. Pain 1998;75:187-198. 

  37. Sharp TJ, Harvey AG. Chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: mutual maintenance? Clin Psychol Rev 2001;21:857-877. 

  38. Asmundson GJ, Coons MJ, Taylor S, Katz J. PTSD and the experience of pain: research and clinical implications of shared vulnerability and mutual maintenance models. Can J Psychiatry 2002;47:930-937. 

  39. Muris P, Vlaeyen JW, Meesters C, Vertongen S. Anxiety sensitivity and fear of pain in children. Percept Mot Skills 2001;92:456-458. 

  40. Liedl A, Knaevelsrud C. Chronic pain and PTSD: the Perpetual Avoidance Model and its treatment implications. Torture 2008;18:69-76. 

  41. Gupta MA. Review of somatic symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013;25:86-99. 

  42. Porges SW. The Polyvagal Theory: phylogenetic contributions to social behavior. Physiol Behav 2003;79:503-513. 

  43. Corrigan FM, Fisher JJ, Nutt DJ. Autonomic dysregulation and the Window of Tolerance model of the effects of complex emotional trauma. J Psychopharmacol 2011;25:17-25. 

  44. Porges SW. The polyvagal theory: new insights into adaptive reactions of the autonomic nervous system. Cleve Clin J Med 2009;76 Suppl 2:S86-90. 

  45. Toyokawa S, Uddin M, Koenen KC, Galea S. How does the social environment 'get into the mind'? Epigenetics at the intersection of social and psychiatric epidemiology. Soc Sci Med 2012;74:67-74. 

  46. Skelton K, Ressler KJ, Norrholm SD, Jovanovic T, Bradley-Davino B. PTSD and gene variants: new pathways and new thinking. Neuropharmacology 2012;62:628-637. 

  47. Perroud N, Paoloni-Giacobino A, Prada P, Olie E, Salzmann A, Nicastro R, Guillaume S, Mouthon D, Stouder C, Dieben K, Huguelet P, Courtet P, Malafosse A. Increased methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene(NR3C1in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: a link with the severity and type of trauma. Transl Psychiatry;2011 1:e59. 

  48. Uddin M, Aiello AE, Wildman DE, Koenen KC, Pawelec G, de Los Santos R, Goldmann E, Galea S. Epigenetic and immune function profiles associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:9470-9475. 

  49. Baker DG, Nievergelt CM, O'Connor DT. Biomarkers of PTSD: neuropeptides and immune signaling. Neuropharmacology 2012;62:663-673. 

  50. Pace TW, Wingenfeld K, Schmidt I, Meinlschmidt G, Hellhammer DH, Heim CM. Increased peripheral NF-kappaB pathway activity in women with childhood abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2012;26: 13-17. 

  51. Su Q, Yao D, Jiang M, Liu F, Long L, Dai Y, Yu M, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Liu J, Xiao C, Zhao J, Guo W. Decreased interhemispheric functional connectivity in insula and angular gyrus/supramarginal gyrus: Significant findings in first-episode, drug-naive somatization disorder. Psychiatry Res 2016;248:48-54. 

  52. Brody AL, Saxena S, Mandelkern MA, Fairbanks LA, Ho ML, Baxter LR. Brain metabolic changes associated with symptom factor improvement in major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2001;50:171-178. 

  53. Etkin A, Wager TD. Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: a meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1476-1488. 

  54. Craig AD. How do you feel--now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009;10:59-70. 

  55. Craig AD. The sentient self. Brain Struct Funct 2010;214:563-577. 

  56. Oppenheimer SM, Gelb A, Girvin JP, Hachinski VC. Cardiovascular effects of human insular cortex stimulation. Neurology 1992;42:1727-1732. 

  57. Toblin RL, Riviere LA, Thomas JL, Adler AB, Kok BC, Hoge CW. Grief and physical health outcomes in U.S. soldiers returning from combat. J Affect Disord 2012;136:469-475. 

  58. Munyandamutsa N, Mahoro Nkubamugisha P, Gex-Fabry M, Eytan A. Mental and physical health in Rwanda 14 years after the genocide. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012; 47:1753-1761. 

  59. Ahn KH. A study on analysis of job-related physical and mental symptoms, posttraumatic stress of firefigthers. Mokwon University;2015. 

  60. Paras ML, Murad MH, Chen LP, Goranson EN, Sattler AL, Colbenson KM, Elamin MB, Seime RJ, Prokop LJ, Zirakzadeh A. Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2009; 302:550-561. 

  61. Romans S, Belaise C, Martin J, Morris E, Raffi A. Childhood abuse and later medical disorders in women. An epidemiological study. Psychother Psychosom 2002;71:141-150. 

  62. Peterlin BL, Tietjen G, Meng S, Lidicker J, Bigal M. Post-traumatic stress disorder in episodic and chronic migraine. Headache 2008;48:517-522. 

  63. de Leeuw R, Schmidt JE, Carlson CR. Traumatic stressors and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in headache patients. Headache 2005;45:1365-1374. 

  64. Cwikel J, Abdelgani A, Goldsmith JR, Quastel M, Yevelson, II. Two-year follow up study of stress-related disorders among immigrants to Israel from the Chernobyl area. Environ Health Perspect 1997;105 Suppl 6:1545-1550. 

  65. Trachtman JN. Post-traumatic stress disorder and vision. Optometry 2010;81:240-252. 

  66. Galor A, Feuer W, Lee DJ, Florez H, Carter D, Pouyeh B, Prunty WJ, Perez VL. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome in a United States veterans affairs population. Am J Ophthalmol 2011;152:377-384. e2. 

  67. Fagelson MA. The association between tinnitus and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Audiol 2007;16:107-117. 

  68. Pietrzak RH, Goldstein RB, Southwick SM, Grant BF. Medical comorbidity of full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder in US adults: results from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Psychosom Med 2011;73:697-707. 

  69. Edmondson D, Kronish IM, Shaffer JA, Falzon L, Burg MM. Posttraumatic stress disorder and risk for coronary heart disease: a meta-analytic review. Am Heart J 2013;166:806-814. 

  70. Tulloch H, Greenman PS, Tasse V. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder among Cardiac Patients: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Considerations for Assessment and Treatment. Behav Sci Basel2014;5:27-40. 

  71. Bartoli CR, Nadar MM, Loyd GE, Kasdan ML. An atypical case of reverse Takotsubo cardiomyopathy during general anesthesia in a 30-year-old male with post-traumatic stress disorder. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2011;25:1116-1118. 

  72. Wittstein IS, Thiemann DR, Lima JA, Baughman KL, Schulman SP, Gerstenblith G, Wu KC, Rade JJ, Bivalacqua TJ, Champion HC. Neurohumoral features of myocardial stunning due to sudden emotional stress. N Engl J Med 2005;352: 539-548. 

  73. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences ACEStudy. Am J Prev Med 1998;14:245-258. 

  74. Goodwin RD, Stein MB. Association between childhood trauma and physical disorders among adults in the United States. Psychol Med 2004;34:509-520. 

  75. Goodwin RD, Fischer ME, Goldberg J. A twin study of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007;176:983-987. 

  76. Brackbill RM, Hadler JL, DiGrande L, Ekenga CC, Farfel MR, Friedman S, Perlman SE, Stellman SD, Walker DJ, Wu D, Yu S, Thorpe LE. Asthma and posttraumatic stress symptoms 5 to 6 years following exposure to the World Trade Center terrorist attack. JAMA 2009;302:502-516. 

  77. Fagan J, Galea S, Ahern J, Bonner S, Vlahov D. Relationship of self-reported asthma severity and urgent health care utilization to psychological sequelae of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center among New York City area residents. Psychosom Med 2003;65:993-996. 

  78. Rimsza ME, Berg RA, Locke C. Sexual abuse: somatic and emotional reactions. Child Abuse Negl 1988;12:201-208. 

  79. Mason HJ, Serrano-Ikkos E, Kamm MA. Psychological morbidity in women with idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:2852-2857. 

  80. Savas LS, White DL, Wieman M, Daci K, Fitzgerald S, Laday Smith S, Tan G, Graham DP, Cully JA, El-Serag HB. Irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia among women veterans: prevalence and association with psychological distress. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009;29:115-125. 

  81. Li J, Brackbill RM, Stellman SD, Farfel MR, Miller-Archie SA, Friedman S, Walker DJ, Thorpe LE, Cone J. Gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and comorbid asthma and posttraumatic stress disorder following the 9/11 terrorist attacks on World Trade Center in New York City. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:1933-1941. 

  82. von Kanel R, Abbas CC, Begre S, Gander ML, Saner H, Schmid JP. Association between posttraumatic stress disorder following myocardial infarction and liver enzyme levels: a prospective study. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:2614-2623. 

  83. Collett BJ, Cordle CJ, Stewart CR, Jagger C. A comparative study of women with chronic pelvic pain, chronic nonpelvic pain and those with no history of pain attending general practitioners. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:87-92. 

  84. Ehlert U, Heim C, Hellhammer DH. Chronic pelvic pain as a somatoform disorder. Psychother Psychosom 1999;68:87-94. 

  85. Heim C, Ehlert U, Hanker JP, Hellhammer DH. Abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder and alterations of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in women with chronic pelvic pain. Psychosom Med 1998;60:309-318. 

  86. Lampe A, Doering S, Rumpold G, Solder E, Krismer M, Kantner-Rumplmair W, Schubert C, Sollner W. Chronic pain syndromes and their relation to childhood abuse and stressful life events. J Psychosom Res 2003;54:361-367. 

  87. Weaver TL. Impact of rape on female sexuality: review of selected literature. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2009;52:702-711. 

  88. Meltzer-Brody S, Leserman J, Zolnoun D, Steege J, Green E, Teich A. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in women with chronic pelvic pain. Obstet Gynecol 2007;109:902-908. 

  89. Buskila D, Cohen H. Comorbidity of fibromyalgia and psychiatric disorders. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2007;11:333-338. 

  90. Afari N, Wen Y, Buchwald D, Goldberg J, Plesh O. Are post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and temporomandibular pain associated? Findings from a community-based twin registry. J Orofac Pain 2008;22:41-49. 

  91. Walker EA, Keegan D, Gardner G, Sullivan M, Bernstein D, Katon WJ. Psychosocial factors in fibromyalgia compared with rheumatoid arthritis: II. Sexual, physical, and emotional abuse and neglect. Psychosom Med 1997;59:572-577. 

  92. Raphael KG, Widom CS, Lange G. Childhood victimization and pain in adulthood: a prospective investigation. Pain 2001;92:283-293. 

  93. Sharp TJ. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in chronic pain patients. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2004;8:111-115. 

  94. Moeller-Bertram T, Keltner J, Strigo IA. Pain and post traumatic stress disorder-review of clinical and experimental evidence. Neuropharmacology 2012;62:586-597. 

  95. Mailis-Gagnon A, Nicholson K. On the nature of nondermatomal somatosensory deficits. Clin J Pain 2011;27:76-84. 

  96. Segerstrom SC, Miller GE. Psychological stress and the human immune system: a meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychol Bull 2004;130:601-630. 

  97. Boscarino JA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and physical illness: results from clinical and epidemiologic studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2004;1032:141-153. 

  98. Gupta MA. Emotional regulation, dissociation, and the self-induced dermatoses: clinical features and implications for treatment with mood stabilizers. Clin Dermatol 2013;31:110-117. 

  99. Gupta MA, Gupta AK. Chronic idiopathic urticaria and post-traumatic stress disorder(PTSD): an under-recognized comorbidity. Clin Dermatol 2012;30:351-354 

  100. Dikel TN, Fennell EB, Gilmore RL. Posttraumatic stress disorder, dissociation, and sexual abuse history in epileptic and nonepileptic seizure patients. Epilepsy Behav 2003;4:644-650. 

  101. Salmon P, Al-Marzooqi SM, Baker G, Reilly J. Childhood family dysfunction and associated abuse in patients with nonepileptic seizures: towards a causal model. Psychosom Med 2003;65:695-700. 

  102. Ellenstein A, Kranick SM, Hallett M. An update on psychogenic movement disorders. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2011;11: 396-403. 

  103. Thomas M, Jankovic J. Psychogenic movement disorders: diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs 2004;18:437-452. 

  104. Magnavita N. Work-Related Psychological Injury Is Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Components in Apparently Healthy Workers. PLoS One 2015;10:e0130944. 

  105. Dedert EA, Calhoun PS, Watkins LL, Sherwood A, Beckham JC. Posttraumatic stress disorder, cardiovascular, and metabolic disease: a review of the evidence. Ann Behav Med 2010;39:61-78. 

  106. Heppner PS, Crawford EF, Haji UA, Afari N, Hauger RL, Dashevsky BA, Horn PS, Nunnink SE, Baker DG. The association of posttraumatic stress disorder and metabolic syndrome: a study of increased health risk in veterans. BMC Med 2009;7:1. 

  107. Friedman MJ, Wang S, Jalowiec JE, McHugo GJ, McDonagh-Coyle A. Thyroid hormone alterations among women with posttraumatic stress disorder due to childhood sexual abuse. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57:1186-1192. 

  108. Stam R. PTSD and stress sensitisation: a tale of brain and body Part 1: human studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2007;31:530-557. 

  109. Hinton DE, Hinton AL, Eng KT, Choung S. PTSD and key somatic complaints and cultural syndromes among rural Cambodians: the results of a needs assessment survey. Med Anthropol Q 2012;26:383-407. 

  110. Rauch SL, Drevets WC. Stress-induced and Fear Circuitry Disorders, Refi ning the Research Agenda for DSM-V Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association;2009. 

  111. Shipherd JC, Keyes M, Jovanovic T, Ready DJ, Baltzell D, Worley V, Gordon-Brown V, Hayslett C, Duncan E. Veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: what about comorbid chronic pain? J Rehabil Res Dev 2007;44:153-166. 

  112. Liedl A, Muller J, Morina N, Karl A, Denke C, Knaevelsrud C. Physical activity within a CBT intervention improves coping with pain in traumatized refugees: results of a randomized controlled design. Pain Med 2011;12:234-245. 

  113. Dunne RL, Kenardy J, Sterling M. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of PTSD in the context of chronic whiplash. Clin J Pain 2012;28:755-765. 

  114. Smith BW, Ortiz JA, Steffen LE, Tooley EM, Wiggins KT, Yeater EA, Montoya JD, Bernard ML. Mindfulness is associated with fewer PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, physical symptoms, and alcohol problems in urban firefighters. J Consult Clin Psychol 2011;79:613-617. 

  115. Kearney DJ, McDermott K, Malte C, Martinez M, Simpson TL. Effects of participation in a mindfulness program for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychol 2013;69:14-27. 

  116. Scioli-Salter E, Forman DE, Otis JD, Tun C, Allsup K, Marx CE, Hauger RL, Shipherd JC, Higgins D, Tyzik A, Rasmusson AM. Potential neurobiological benefits of exercise in chronic pain and posttraumatic stress disorder: Pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev 2016;53:95-106. 

  117. Van der Kolk BA. The body keeps the score: Memory and the evolving psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Harvard Review of Psychiatry;1994 Jan/Feb. 

  118. Rodriguez Vega B, Fernandez Liria A, Bayon Perez C. Trauma, dissociation and somatization Annuary of Clinical and Health Psychology 2005;1:27-38. 

저자의 다른 논문 :

관련 콘텐츠

오픈액세스(OA) 유형

BRONZE

출판사/학술단체 등이 한시적으로 특별한 프로모션 또는 일정기간 경과 후 접근을 허용하여, 출판사/학술단체 등의 사이트에서 이용 가능한 논문

저작권 관리 안내
섹션별 컨텐츠 바로가기

AI-Helper ※ AI-Helper는 오픈소스 모델을 사용합니다.

AI-Helper 아이콘
AI-Helper
안녕하세요, AI-Helper입니다. 좌측 "선택된 텍스트"에서 텍스트를 선택하여 요약, 번역, 용어설명을 실행하세요.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.

선택된 텍스트

맨위로