본 연구의 목적은 이른 봄철 계곡에서 번식하는 계곡산개구리 산란지의 수온 및 음환경을 규명하는 것이다. 연구대상지는 한국 중부지역 치악산국립공원의 75개소이었다. 조사기간은 2015년 3월 23일부터 4월 24일까지이었다. 알덩이수와 산란지의 물리적 요인간 상관관계 분석결과 산란지 수온과는 양의 상관관계(p<0.05)를, 산란지 음량과는 음의 상관관계(p<0.05)를 나타내었다. 그러나 면적과 수심은 알덩이수와 상관관계를 나타내지 않았다. 계곡산개구리 산란지와 본류의 수온을 비교한 결과 산란지가 본류보다 평균 $2.2^{\circ}C$ 높았다(p<0.001). 계곡산개구리는 이른 봄철 낮은 온도를 극복하기 위하여 물이 고여 있고, 수심이 10cm 내외로 얕은 곳의 수온이 높은 곳에 산란하고 있었다. 또한 알들을 서로 붙여 낳음으로서 보온효과를 극대화하고 있었다. 계곡산개구리와 산란지의 음량을 본류와 비교한 결과 산란지는 본류보다 6.9dB 조용한 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 따라서, 계곡산개구리는 이른 봄철의 낮은 온도, 시끄러운 물소리를 극복하기 위하여 계곡 내에서도 수온이 높고, 조용한 미소서식지를 찾아 산란하는 것으로 판단된다. 본 논문은 양서류 산란지의 음환경 특성을 밝힌 첫번째 논문이라는데서 의의가 있다.
본 연구의 목적은 이른 봄철 계곡에서 번식하는 계곡산개구리 산란지의 수온 및 음환경을 규명하는 것이다. 연구대상지는 한국 중부지역 치악산국립공원의 75개소이었다. 조사기간은 2015년 3월 23일부터 4월 24일까지이었다. 알덩이수와 산란지의 물리적 요인간 상관관계 분석결과 산란지 수온과는 양의 상관관계(p<0.05)를, 산란지 음량과는 음의 상관관계(p<0.05)를 나타내었다. 그러나 면적과 수심은 알덩이수와 상관관계를 나타내지 않았다. 계곡산개구리 산란지와 본류의 수온을 비교한 결과 산란지가 본류보다 평균 $2.2^{\circ}C$ 높았다(p<0.001). 계곡산개구리는 이른 봄철 낮은 온도를 극복하기 위하여 물이 고여 있고, 수심이 10cm 내외로 얕은 곳의 수온이 높은 곳에 산란하고 있었다. 또한 알들을 서로 붙여 낳음으로서 보온효과를 극대화하고 있었다. 계곡산개구리와 산란지의 음량을 본류와 비교한 결과 산란지는 본류보다 6.9dB 조용한 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 따라서, 계곡산개구리는 이른 봄철의 낮은 온도, 시끄러운 물소리를 극복하기 위하여 계곡 내에서도 수온이 높고, 조용한 미소서식지를 찾아 산란하는 것으로 판단된다. 본 논문은 양서류 산란지의 음환경 특성을 밝힌 첫번째 논문이라는데서 의의가 있다.
The goal of this study was to identify the water temperature and sound environment of oviposition sites of the Huanren brown frog (Rana huanrensis), which breeds in valleys in early spring. The study was conducted in Chiak National Park, central Korea, between March 23 and April 24, 2015. Correlatio...
The goal of this study was to identify the water temperature and sound environment of oviposition sites of the Huanren brown frog (Rana huanrensis), which breeds in valleys in early spring. The study was conducted in Chiak National Park, central Korea, between March 23 and April 24, 2015. Correlation analysis of the physical factors of oviposition sites revealed that the number of egg clutches was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the water temperature and negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with the sound volume of the oviposition sites. However, no correlation was found between clutch number and the total area or depth of water. The water temperature of the oviposition sites was $2.2^{\circ}C$ higher on average than that of the mainstream (p < 0.001). To avoid the low early spring temperatures, R. huanrensis spawned in sites with accumulated water, in which the depths were less than 10cm and the temperature was relatively high. Further, eggs were spawned in clusters in small spaces to maximize the thermal insulation effect. In terms of noise levels, oviposition sites were found to be 6.9 dB quieter than the mainstream (p<0.001). In conclusion, R. huanrensis was found to spawn in warm, quiet, and small oviposition sites in valleys to avoid low early spring temperatures and loud water noise. This study is significant because it is the first to characterize the sound environment of amphibian oviposition sites.
The goal of this study was to identify the water temperature and sound environment of oviposition sites of the Huanren brown frog (Rana huanrensis), which breeds in valleys in early spring. The study was conducted in Chiak National Park, central Korea, between March 23 and April 24, 2015. Correlation analysis of the physical factors of oviposition sites revealed that the number of egg clutches was positively correlated (p < 0.05) with the water temperature and negatively correlated (p < 0.05) with the sound volume of the oviposition sites. However, no correlation was found between clutch number and the total area or depth of water. The water temperature of the oviposition sites was $2.2^{\circ}C$ higher on average than that of the mainstream (p < 0.001). To avoid the low early spring temperatures, R. huanrensis spawned in sites with accumulated water, in which the depths were less than 10cm and the temperature was relatively high. Further, eggs were spawned in clusters in small spaces to maximize the thermal insulation effect. In terms of noise levels, oviposition sites were found to be 6.9 dB quieter than the mainstream (p<0.001). In conclusion, R. huanrensis was found to spawn in warm, quiet, and small oviposition sites in valleys to avoid low early spring temperatures and loud water noise. This study is significant because it is the first to characterize the sound environment of amphibian oviposition sites.
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문제 정의
Moreover, there have been no studies on how these frogs overcome the cold weather of early spring and avoid the loud ambient water noise that interferes with courtship sounds. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the general physical characteristics of oviposition sites of R. huanrensis and, in particular, elucidate the water temperature and sound environment of oviposition sites in noisy valleys in early spring.
This paper can provide data to support future habitat conservation of the Huanren brown frog. When creating Huanren brown frog oviposition sites, we must create puddles instead of flowing water, and the water depth should be shallow, at around 10cm, in order to maintain a high water temperature.
제안 방법
For the oviposition site survey, the status of locations where R. huanrensis egg clutches were found was surveyed by searching the mainstream of the valley and adjacent water pools on bedrock while walking along the valley. Eggs having strong viscosity and tightly adhere to bedrock or tree branches were identified as being those of R.
huanrensis (Seo, 2011). The field survey was conducted for 7 days between March 23 and April 24, 2015, and the survey time was between 9AM and 5PM. The survey was conducted by two teams.
For each oviposition site, we recorded sounds in the immediate pool area (water surface) and in the area surrounding the pool (1.5m from the water surface) for 1 minute each using an Idam PRO U11 digital voice recorder. MP3 320 kbps was used as the recording file format.
The survey items for the physical environment of oviposition sites were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, T test, and correlation analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the number of egg clutches; the area, water depth, and water temperature of the habitat; and the sound volume of oviposition sites. Frequency analysis was performed for the location and floor type of oviposition sites, and Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted for the number of egg clutches, water temperature, water depth, and sound environment.
대상 데이터
In this study, we investigated 75 R. huanrensis oviposition sites: 25 sites in Guryongsa valley in the north, 32 sites in Bugok-ri valley in the east, 9 sites in Geumdae-ri valley in the south, 6 sites in Sangwonsa valley and 3 sites in Heungyang-ri valley in the west.
The study sites were located within the major valleys of Chiak National Park in Gangwon-do (Figure 1). Chiak National Park is a mountainous national park in central Korea with altitudes reaching 1,288m and a total area of 175.
The field survey was conducted for 7 days between March 23 and April 24, 2015, and the survey time was between 9AM and 5PM. The survey was conducted by two teams. 1 team consisted of two persons.
The survey was conducted by two teams. 1 team consisted of two persons.
The survey items of R. huanrensis oviposition sites were the number of egg clutches, location, water temperature, surface area, water depth (the water depth of spawning point), floor type, vegetation, and sound environment. The total number of egg clutches within an oviposition site was surveyed.
데이터처리
Frequency analysis was performed for the location and floor type of oviposition sites, and Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted for the number of egg clutches, water temperature, water depth, and sound environment.
The survey items for the physical environment of oviposition sites were analyzed using descriptive statistics, frequency analysis, T test, and correlation analysis. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the number of egg clutches; the area, water depth, and water temperature of the habitat; and the sound volume of oviposition sites.
Frequency analysis was performed for the location and floor type of oviposition sites, and Pearson’s correlation analysis was conducted for the number of egg clutches, water temperature, water depth, and sound environment. A paired sample t-test was performed to compare the water temperature and sound environment between the oviposition sites and the mainstream. IBM SPSS Statistics (Ver.
이론/모형
The area of oviposition sites was calculated using the ellipsoid area equation (area = π × radius of the long axis × radius of the short axis) based on measurements of the length of the long and short axes of an oviposition site obtained using a tape measure.
성능/효과
7%), and 3 waterfall sites (4%). The results of this study indicated that R. huanrensis favors small pools in which the risk of eggs being swept away is low, even in valleys with a rapid current. The waterfall type refers to sites where water has accumulated.
The results of this study suggest that R. huanrensis males select water pools that are relatively quieter than the surrounding area, thereby enabling them to effectively transmit courtship calls to females.
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