알파 프로테박테리아(${\alpha}-proteobacterium$)인 볼바키아(Wolbachia) 세균은 절지동물 세포내의 중요한 공생균 중의 하나이다. 그람 음성 세균인 이 공생균은 기주동물의 여러 생물적 과정에 관여하고 있으며, 현재 생물적 방제 수단으로 주목 받고 있다. 볼바키아는 기주 세포의 세포질에 서식하는 세균인데 암컷을 통하여 세대간 전염된다. 볼파키아의 감염 개체 밀도를 높이기 위해 기주의 생식방식을 조작하는 다양한 전략을 발달시켰다. 볼바키아 유전자형 계통은 볼바키아 표면 단백질(WSP)의 고변이영역 아미노산 서열과 복합좌위 서열 타이핑(Multilocus sequence typing, MLST)으로 결정된다. 상이한 유전계통 판별은 wsp, 16S rRNA, ftsZ, gltA, groEL 등 유전자 분자표지를 이용하게 된다.. 이 계통 볼바키아 세균과 그들의 우월한 표현형이 농업해충과 인간의 질병매개 곤충에 대한 방제 프로그램에서 이용 가능성이 고려되고 있다. 볼바키아 표현형들은 세포질불일치(cytoplasmic incompatibility, CI), 단성생식 유도(parthenogenesis induction, PI), 여성화(feminization, F), 수컷치사(male killing, MK) 등을 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 기타 볼바키아 세균의 농업과 위생곤충 방제 프로그램에서 응용 방안을 고찰하였다.
알파 프로테박테리아(${\alpha}-proteobacterium$)인 볼바키아(Wolbachia) 세균은 절지동물 세포내의 중요한 공생균 중의 하나이다. 그람 음성 세균인 이 공생균은 기주동물의 여러 생물적 과정에 관여하고 있으며, 현재 생물적 방제 수단으로 주목 받고 있다. 볼바키아는 기주 세포의 세포질에 서식하는 세균인데 암컷을 통하여 세대간 전염된다. 볼파키아의 감염 개체 밀도를 높이기 위해 기주의 생식방식을 조작하는 다양한 전략을 발달시켰다. 볼바키아 유전자형 계통은 볼바키아 표면 단백질(WSP)의 고변이영역 아미노산 서열과 복합좌위 서열 타이핑(Multilocus sequence typing, MLST)으로 결정된다. 상이한 유전계통 판별은 wsp, 16S rRNA, ftsZ, gltA, groEL 등 유전자 분자표지를 이용하게 된다.. 이 계통 볼바키아 세균과 그들의 우월한 표현형이 농업해충과 인간의 질병매개 곤충에 대한 방제 프로그램에서 이용 가능성이 고려되고 있다. 볼바키아 표현형들은 세포질불일치(cytoplasmic incompatibility, CI), 단성생식 유도(parthenogenesis induction, PI), 여성화(feminization, F), 수컷치사(male killing, MK) 등을 유발하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 기타 볼바키아 세균의 농업과 위생곤충 방제 프로그램에서 응용 방안을 고찰하였다.
The alpha-proteobacterium Wolbachia is one of the most important intracellular symbionts of arthropods. This Gram-negative bacterium is involved in many biological processes and is currently considered as a potential tool for biological control. Wolbachia is a cytoplasmic bacterium, maternally trans...
The alpha-proteobacterium Wolbachia is one of the most important intracellular symbionts of arthropods. This Gram-negative bacterium is involved in many biological processes and is currently considered as a potential tool for biological control. Wolbachia is a cytoplasmic bacterium, maternally transferred through generations, and to facilitate its success, it has evolved several strategies that manipulate its host reproductive system to increase the number of infected individuals in the host population. The variety of Wolbachia was first recognized using genes wsp, 16S rRNA, ftsZ, gltA and groEL as molecular markers while strain genotypes of Wolbachia are determined of Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and sequence of amino acid in region, hyper variable regions (HVRs) in protein WSP. Possible uses of the bacteria and their predominant phenotypes in control programs for agricultural pests and human disease vectors have been considered. Phenotypes are known to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), parthenogenesis induction (PI), feminization (F) and male killing (MK). Finally, applications of the bacterium in control programs of agricultural and medical insect pests have been discussed.
The alpha-proteobacterium Wolbachia is one of the most important intracellular symbionts of arthropods. This Gram-negative bacterium is involved in many biological processes and is currently considered as a potential tool for biological control. Wolbachia is a cytoplasmic bacterium, maternally transferred through generations, and to facilitate its success, it has evolved several strategies that manipulate its host reproductive system to increase the number of infected individuals in the host population. The variety of Wolbachia was first recognized using genes wsp, 16S rRNA, ftsZ, gltA and groEL as molecular markers while strain genotypes of Wolbachia are determined of Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and sequence of amino acid in region, hyper variable regions (HVRs) in protein WSP. Possible uses of the bacteria and their predominant phenotypes in control programs for agricultural pests and human disease vectors have been considered. Phenotypes are known to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), parthenogenesis induction (PI), feminization (F) and male killing (MK). Finally, applications of the bacterium in control programs of agricultural and medical insect pests have been discussed.
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문제 정의
, 2001; Islam, 2007). This review focuses on the mechanisms induced by Wolbachia in arthropods and its potential role in the control of pests and vector-borne diseases. Despite significant progress in the field of ecology and Wolbachia population genetics, the use of the bacterium as a new tool in biological control of arthropods of medical and agricultural importance is still challenged by several strategic problems, such as the unknown effect of speciation, the difficulty of mass production, the absence of the bacterium in some species and the unknown adaptive outcomes of transfection of the bacterium to novel hosts (both at the phenotypic and cellular levels).
가설 설정
Lock and key model. A: Wolbachia (white symptom) produce a lock, (red circle) binding, for example to paternal chromosomes (large black bar). B: The bacteria are, then, saved in a waste-bag structure (w.
Slow-motion model. A: Wolbachia (white symptom) produce a slowing -down factor (red circles). B: The bacteria are infusing from the maturing spermatocyte, with most of the cytoplasm, being in a waste-bag structure (w.
A: Wolbachia (white symptom) produce a slowing -down factor (red circles). B: The bacteria are infusing from the maturing spermatocyte, with most of the cytoplasm, being in a waste-bag structure (w.b.). E: The sperm cell bearing slowed-down paternal chromosomes enters an oocyte infected maternal by Wolbachia.
C, D: Incompatible cross between an infected male and an uninfected female. C: Paternal chromosomes (black tape) in the mature spermatozoon (spz) are not functional because of missing the protein. D: Paternal chromosomes are not functional normally in mitosis resulting in Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI).
) with most of the cytoplasm, so, being absent from the mature spermatozoon (spz). C: The sperm cell transporting locked paternal chromosomes enters an uninfected egg meeting unmodified maternal chromosomes (grey tape). D: In the absence of a key to remove the lock, paternal chromosomes are not functional and only maternal chromosomes participates normally in mitosis, resulting in Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI).
C: Paternal chromosomes (black tape) in the mature spermatozoon (spz) are not functional because of missing the protein. D: Paternal chromosomes are not functional normally in mitosis resulting in Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). E, F: Compatible cross between two infected individuals.
D: In the absence of a key to remove the lock, paternal chromosomes are not functional and only maternal chromosomes participates normally in mitosis, resulting in Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). E: In an infected oocyte, Wolbachia produce a key (green symptom). F: The lock is, so, removed from parental chromosomes and mitosis takes place normally, rescuing the embryo (Poinsot et al.
E, F: Compatible cross between two infected individuals. E: In an infected oocyte, the Wolbachia give back to maternal and paternal chromosomes the host protein previously titrated-out. F: mitosis can now proceed normally, rescuing the embryo (Poinsot et al.
). E: The sperm cell bearing slowed-down paternal chromosomes enters an oocyte infected maternal by Wolbachia. F: Since maternal chromosome sets are synchronous, and the first mitosis proceeds normally (Poinsot et al.
대상 데이터
, 2011). With the use of standard molecular techniques, 22 species of Lepidoptera were screened, 19 of which were infected by Wolbachia. All samples that were positive for 16S rDNA also tested positive for fbpA (Hamm et al.
성능/효과
C: The sperm cell transporting locked paternal chromosomes enters an uninfected egg meeting unmodified maternal chromosomes (grey tape). D: In the absence of a key to remove the lock, paternal chromosomes are not functional and only maternal chromosomes participates normally in mitosis, resulting in Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). E: In an infected oocyte, Wolbachia produce a key (green symptom).
, 2012). The researchers reported the presence of the bacterium in Dacus ciliatus Loew, R. cerasi Linnaeus, Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, Myiopardalis pardalina Bigot and Carypomyia vesuviana Costa (Dip.: Tephritidae). They showed different levels of infection by two new strains of Wolbachia named wCv1 and wRc1.
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