Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the dietary nutrient intake status and hair mineral content of Korean young children. Methods: Fifty-five children who visited Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were divided into three groups by age: infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. The 24-h...
Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the dietary nutrient intake status and hair mineral content of Korean young children. Methods: Fifty-five children who visited Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were divided into three groups by age: infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. The 24-hour recall method was used to collect the food intake data of the subjects. Hair mineral analysis was conducted using a Mass Spectrometer. Serum iron, ferritin, and calcium were also measured. Results: The mean energy intakes of the subjects were 730.3 kcal, 994.3 kcal, and 1,482.9 kcal for each age group. The mean percentage of energy intake compared to recommendation was 101.4% and was not different by age group. Toddlers of 37.8% and preschoolers of 54.5% consumed less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of calcium. Infants of 28.6%, toddlers of 10.8% and preschoolers of 9.1% consumed less than the EAR of iron. In the case of zinc, copper, and selenium, only 0% to 5% of toddlers and none of the preschoolers consumed less than the EAR of those minerals. The hair calcium, iron and copper concentrations were lower in toddlers and preschoolers than those in infants. Serum calcium levels of preschoolers were significantly lower than those of infants, whereas serum iron and ferritin levels were not. Conclusion: Hair calcium, iron, and copper concentrations were significantly lower in toddlers and preschoolers than in infants. Insufficient dietary intake of calcium and iron seems to be related with decreased hair mineral contents in young children.
Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the dietary nutrient intake status and hair mineral content of Korean young children. Methods: Fifty-five children who visited Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were divided into three groups by age: infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. The 24-hour recall method was used to collect the food intake data of the subjects. Hair mineral analysis was conducted using a Mass Spectrometer. Serum iron, ferritin, and calcium were also measured. Results: The mean energy intakes of the subjects were 730.3 kcal, 994.3 kcal, and 1,482.9 kcal for each age group. The mean percentage of energy intake compared to recommendation was 101.4% and was not different by age group. Toddlers of 37.8% and preschoolers of 54.5% consumed less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of calcium. Infants of 28.6%, toddlers of 10.8% and preschoolers of 9.1% consumed less than the EAR of iron. In the case of zinc, copper, and selenium, only 0% to 5% of toddlers and none of the preschoolers consumed less than the EAR of those minerals. The hair calcium, iron and copper concentrations were lower in toddlers and preschoolers than those in infants. Serum calcium levels of preschoolers were significantly lower than those of infants, whereas serum iron and ferritin levels were not. Conclusion: Hair calcium, iron, and copper concentrations were significantly lower in toddlers and preschoolers than in infants. Insufficient dietary intake of calcium and iron seems to be related with decreased hair mineral contents in young children.
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문제 정의
Hair mineral analysis has the advantage of being easy to store and collect samples, but has not been used much in children [13-16]. In this study, a dietary intake and hair mineral analysis of Korean young children were conducted to evaluate mineral nutrition status of the children.
제안 방법
Children’s dietary intake data were estimated using one-day 24-hour recall method by an interview with their mothers.
The hair mineral analysis was performed by Trace Elements Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA) with hair samples sent through the Korean branch. After washing the samples with acetone, water, and extran (1% v/v), aliquots of the samples were wet-ashed with HNO3.
A total of 55 children (31 male and 24 female) who newly visited the Pediatric Nutrition Clinic at the Seoul National University Hospital between January 2012 and December 2013 for nutritional counselling, regardless of the growth status, were included. The subjects were divided into three age groups; infants (6 months to 1 year), toddlers (1 to 2 years), and preschoolers (3 to 5 years). Weight for age z-scores and weight for height z-scores were calculated using the least mean square method adjusted for age and sex according to the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts [17].
, Armonk, NY, USA). They were checked for normality using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and residual data plots were examined for determination of the homogeneity of variance. The data were expressed as mean and standard deviation for normally distributed variable and median (percentile 25, percentile 75) for non-normally distributed variable.
대상 데이터
A total of 55 children (31 male and 24 female) who newly visited the Pediatric Nutrition Clinic at the Seoul National University Hospital between January 2012 and December 2013 for nutritional counselling, regardless of the growth status, were included. The subjects were divided into three age groups; infants (6 months to 1 year), toddlers (1 to 2 years), and preschoolers (3 to 5 years).
데이터처리
The data were expressed as mean and standard deviation for normally distributed variable and median (percentile 25, percentile 75) for non-normally distributed variable. Comparisons among groups were done by ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test. Scheffe’s test with means or ranks was used as a post-hoc test.
이론/모형
The subjects were divided into three age groups; infants (6 months to 1 year), toddlers (1 to 2 years), and preschoolers (3 to 5 years). Weight for age z-scores and weight for height z-scores were calculated using the least mean square method adjusted for age and sex according to the 2007 Korean National Growth Charts [17]. Underweight was defined as weights for age z-scores below -2 standard deviations.
후속연구
In this study, copper intake of the children was normal, but the hair copper content of toddlers and preschoolers were significantly lower than that of the infants. It is possible that the decreased hair copper level in older children is related with copper deficiency secondary to iron deficiency, but further studies are necessary to clarify the reasons of decreased hair copper level in these children.
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