[논문]한국연안 고주파 해양레이더망 운영과 활용 개관

김호균; 김정훈; 손영태; 이상호

doi:10.7780/kjrs.2018.34.2.2.5

한국연안 고주파 해양레이더망 운영과 활용 개관
An Overview of Operations and Applications of HF Ocean Radar Networks in the Korean Coast 원문보기

대한원격탐사학회지 = Korean journal of remote sensing, v.34 no.2 pt.2, 2018년, pp.351 - 375

김호균 (국립해양조사원) , 김정훈 ((주)에스이티시스템) , 손영태 (서울대학교 해양연구소) , 이상호 (군산대학교 대학원 해양학과)

초록
AI-Helper

본 논문은 고주파 해양레이더의 특징과 한국 연안해역에서 해양레이더망으로 생산된 주요 결과와 정보를 독자들에게 소개하고, 현존하는 레이더의 운영현황 목록을 만들며, 레이더 운영기술과 해류자료 활용에 관한 정보를 공유하고자 한다. 지난 20여년 동안 국내의 해양레이더 수는 현저히 증가하여 현재 44기 이상이 연안에 배치되어 있다. 대부분의 레이더는 주로 레이더 운영기관의 임무에 따라 해양안전, 조류예보 그리고 해류역학 이해를 목적으로 운영하고 있다. 논문 저자들은 본 논문이 해양레이더의 활용성을 조류와 해류역학 이해의 수준을 넘어서 어업, 해양레저활동, 해양자원 관리, 유류유출 대응, 연안환경 복원, 조난자 수색구조, 선박탐지 등으로 확장하는데 도움이 되기를 바란다. 이와 더불어 본 논문이 국가 해양레이더망 체계를 설립하여 해양영토 감시활동에 기여하고, 신호처리 기술을 포함한 국내 해양레이더 시스템을 개발하는데도 기여하기를 바란다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

This paper aims to i) introduce the characteristics of HF ocean radar and the major results and information produced by the radar networks in the Korean coasts to the readers, ii) make an up-to-date inventory of the existing radar systems, and iii) share the information related to the radar operating skill and the ocean current data application. The number of ocean radars has been showing a significant growth over the past 20 years, currently deploying more than 44 radars in the Korean coasts. Most of radars are in operation at the present time for the purposes related to the marine safety, tidal current forecast and understanding of ocean current dynamics, mainly depending on the mission of each organization operating radar network. We hope this overview paper may help expand the applicability of the ocean radar to fisheries, leisure activity on the sea, ocean resource management, oil spill response, coastal environment restoration, search and rescue, and vessel detection etc., beyond the level of understanding of tidal and ocean current dynamics. Additionally we hope this paper contributes further to the surveillance activity on our ocean territory by founding a national ocean radar network frame and to the domestic development of ocean radar system including signal processing technology.

주제어

표/그림 (18)

그림 Fig. 1. Doppler spectrum of backscattered HF radio wave from the sea surface (Gurgel et al., 1999).
그림 Fig. 2. Receive antenna types of HF ocean radar using direction-finding (a, b) and beam-forming (c) methods to obtain the radial velocity. (d) Radial velocities from the two HF ocean radars in the west coast of Korea.
그림 Fig. 3. HF ocean radar networks observing surface currents around the Korean coast. Two bold alphabets in each small panel denote the radar sites in Table 1. Radio wave frequency band of HF radar sites are displayed with different symbol and colored circles.
표 Table 1. HF ocean radars operated in the Korean coasts on August 2017. See text for owners and Fig. 3 for site location
그림 Fig. 4. Hardware block diagram of HF ocean radar.
그림 Fig. 5. Shape of developed HF ocean radar (left panel) and internal modules (right panel).
표 Table 2. Specifications of HF ocean radar developed in Korea
그림 Fig. 6. Steps for radial-velocity producing by application of direction-finding algorithm to the signal from crossed-loop compact receive antenna.
그림 Fig. 7. Range-Doppler Map obtained by the domestically developed radar in 10:42 17 April 2017.
그림 Fig. 8. Comparison of the radial-velocity distributions obtained by applying Seasonde software (left) and domestically developed software (right) to an identical received-signal set.
그림 Fig. 9. Surface current from KHOA and KNU HF ocean radar networks along the west coast of Korea in the ebb (08:00, left panel) and flood (14:00, right pannel) on 16 September 2016 in spring tide.
그림 Fig. 10. (a) Monthly-mean surface current from KNU ocean radars and (b) complex correlation coefficient between Mal-do wind and current velocities in the western coastal sea of Korea in August 2016.
그림 Fig. 11. Statistics of the subinertial surface current from HF radar during January-August in 2017: a) time-mean current velocity with speed in color, and b) RMS deviation of current speed. Abbreviations denote the sites of HF radar (DH: DongHae, UJ: UlJin, YD: YeongDeok, and CP: ChilPo).
그림 Fig. 12. Monthly averaged current vectors with their speed in color from January to August in 2017.
그림 Fig.13. Monthly averaged RMS deviations of current speed from January to August in 2017.
그림 Fig. 14. Application fields of near-real time HFR current data.
그림 Fig. 15. Distributions of maximum (a) flood current, (b) ebb current, and tidal current ellipse of (c) the M₂ and (d) K₁ tide from KHOA radar network in the region of ship approaching to the Busan new port from the Korea Strait.
그림 Fig. 16. Particle tracking experiment for pollutant dispersal and S&R prediction in the west coastal sea of Korea. Particles are instantaneously released at from 05:00 31 August 2016 (KST) on a central grid point (open circle) and tracked using hourly observed surface current data from KNU radar network. Solid line denotes the trace line of mass center of dispersed particles. Low panel displays tide at Kunsan harbor (redline) and wind vector (blue stick) at Mal-do Automatic Weather Station.

질의응답

핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	해양레이더의 측정원리는?	해양레이더는 해안가에서 고주파대역(HF/VHF) 전자기파를 바다를 향해 송출하고 해면에서 반사되어오는 신호를 분석하여 광역에 걸친 표층해수의 유동속도를 고밀도로 동시에 측정한다. 시간적으로는 장기간에 걸쳐 시간 간격으로 연속하여 측정하는 원격탐사 장비 이고, 풍랑과 해상풍 정보를 생산하며 선박탐지와 추적도 가능하다(Barrick, 1978; Paduan and Graber, 1997; Paduan and Washburn, 2013; Maresca et al.
	해양레이더의 장단점은 무엇인가?	해양레이더는 공간적 분해능이 낮아 구체적인 선박 종류, 형태, 크기 등을 식별하기는 어렵고 선박의 크기에 따라 탐지거리의 한계를 갖지만 1,000 ton 정도 대형 선박의 경우 수평선 넘어 120 km 이상 먼 거리까지 선박의 존재를 수 10분 단위까지 연속적으로 탐색할 수 있는 유일한 장비이다. 현재 해양레이더의 해수유동 관측면적은 EEZ를 포함하는 해양영토 면적의 10% 미만 이다.
	해양레이더가 수직으로 편광된 전파신호를 사용하는 이유는?	해양레이더는 수직으로 편광된 전파신호를 사용하는데(Barrick, 1971), 이는 해수가 고주파대역(HF/VHF) 전파에 아주 좋은 전기적 도체이기 때문이다. 수직 편광된 전자기파는 전기장 벡터의 방향이 해면을 향하기 때문에 ground mode에서 해수면을 따라 수평선 넘어(over-the-horizon) 먼 거리까지 전파할 수 있다(Crombie,1972). 따라서 수직 편광된 고주파 전파를 송출하는 해양레이더는 넓은 지역의 표층 흐름속도를 동시에 원격으로 측정할 수 있다.

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