Most organisms have adapted to a circadian rhythm that follows a roughly 24-hour cycle, which is modulated by both internal (clock-related genes) and external (environment) factors. In such organisms, the central nervous system (CNS) is influenced by the circadian rhythm of individual cells. Further...
Most organisms have adapted to a circadian rhythm that follows a roughly 24-hour cycle, which is modulated by both internal (clock-related genes) and external (environment) factors. In such organisms, the central nervous system (CNS) is influenced by the circadian rhythm of individual cells. Furthermore, the period circadian clock 2 (Per2) gene is an important component of the circadian clock, which modulates the circadian rhythm. Per2 is mainly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as well as other brain areas, including the midbrain and forebrain. This indicates that Per2 may affect various neurobiological activities such as sleeping, depression, and addiction. In this review, we focus on the neurobiological functions of Per2, which could help to better understand its roles in the CNS.
Most organisms have adapted to a circadian rhythm that follows a roughly 24-hour cycle, which is modulated by both internal (clock-related genes) and external (environment) factors. In such organisms, the central nervous system (CNS) is influenced by the circadian rhythm of individual cells. Furthermore, the period circadian clock 2 (Per2) gene is an important component of the circadian clock, which modulates the circadian rhythm. Per2 is mainly expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus as well as other brain areas, including the midbrain and forebrain. This indicates that Per2 may affect various neurobiological activities such as sleeping, depression, and addiction. In this review, we focus on the neurobiological functions of Per2, which could help to better understand its roles in the CNS.
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성능/효과
Similarly, another study suggested that Per2 influences DA metabolism and mood-related behaviors through MAO activities (Hampp and Albrecht, 2008). Based on these findings, the researchers assumed that increased levels of Per2 may lead to reduced DA levels and a more depressed mood. Conversely, mice exposed to unpredictable chronic stress showed depressive-like behaviors and decreased Per2 expression (Jiang et al.
, 2005). The studies concluded that the long-lasting alterations of the period gene expressions including Per2 may play important roles in METH addiction. In addition, Per2 modulates alcohol consumption both in animals and in humans (Spanagel et al.
, 2010). This study also reported that the Per2 mutant mice had decreased withdrawal symptoms when compared to WT mice, which was contrary to the expectations that the mutant mice would have enhanced withdrawal signs because of the higher glutamate levels in Per2 mutant (KO) mice. The researchers postulated that the reduced withdrawal symptoms in the Per2 KO mice may be due to “ceiling effect.
, 2005). This study reported that higher consumption of alcohol in Per2 mutant mice was associated with higher glutamate levels in the brain by reducing the expression of excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1), a glutamate transporter. The hypothesis that alcohol consumption was associated with glutamate levels was supported by studies using Acamprosate, a glutamate antagonist.
후속연구
However, the mechanism of Per2 in neurobiological activities is still poorly understood. Further studies are needed to reveal the mechanism of Per2 in the CNS. First, the interaction of neurotransmitters and Per2 in the mesolimbic pathway and in the limbic system that regulate reward and primitive emotions would be good targets for understanding the mechanism of Per2 in the CNS because Per2 mutant mice showed alterations in neurotransmitters levels (Spanagel et al.
, 2009). However, further studies are needed to prove directly that Per2 may be associated with 5-HT.
참고문헌 (140)
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