[논문]시애틀 공동묘지의 공간적 구조와 역사적 변화 양상

김충호

doi:10.9715/kila.2018.46.3.036

시애틀 공동묘지의 공간적 구조와 역사적 변화 양상
Spatial Structure and Historical Change of Cemeteries in Seattle, USA 원문보기

한국조경학회지 = Journal of Korean institute of landscape architecture, v.46 no.3, 2018년, pp.36 - 45

김충호 (서울시립대학교 도시공학과)

초록
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미국의 공동묘지는 망자의 공간임에도 불구하고, 도시 내 주거지 인근에서 빈번하게 볼 수 있다. 하지만, 이것이 도시화의 과정 속에서 언제 그리고 어떻게 형성되었는지에 대해서는 명확하게 다루어지지 않았었다. 이에, 본 연구는 도시화에 따른 시애틀 공동묘지의 공간적 구조와 역사적 변화 양상을 규명하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 구체적으로, 본 연구는 고문헌 및 고지도를 활용한 역사 분석을 통하여 시애틀 공동묘지의 초기 형성기를 규명하였고, GIS를 활용한 군집 분석을 통해 시애틀 공동묘지의 현재 위치를 도시 공간적으로 분석하였다. 이에 따라, 본 연구는 역사 분석과 군집 분석의 통합연구방법을 통해 다음의 결론에 도달하였다. 시애틀 도심의 초기 공동묘지들은 도심 형성 과정의 부산물이었지만, 교외지역의 공동묘지들은 도심 성장과 근린 개발보다 시간적으로 선행하여 이루어지게 되었다. 또한, 시애틀의 공동묘지들은 시애틀의 쇼핑센터들과 유사한 입지 패턴을 보였으며, 시애틀의 인구 분포와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 결과적으로, 시애틀의 도시 공동묘지는 원래 농촌 지역에 위치하였으나, 이후 미국의 농촌 공동묘지의 경관을 유지하면서, 도시 지역에 위치하게 되었음을 알 수 있었다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Cemeteries in the United States are frequently observed near residential areas in cities even though they are spaces for the dead. However, it has not been fully studied when and how cemeteries were formed in the process of urbanization. Thus, this research aimed to investigate the spatial structure and historical change of cemeteries in Seattle due to urbanization, focusing on the contextual relationship between cemeteries and the surroundings according to two time periods: the early formation period of cemeteries in Seattle and the current period. For this, a mixed method was taken in this paper that combined historical analysis based on old references and historic maps with cluster analysis using GIS. In conclusion, the research found that early cemeteries of Seattle in downtown areas were introduced as by-products of urban formation, but the cemeteries in the suburbs were established ahead of urban growth and neighborhood development. In addition, Seattle's cemeteries not only showed a similar locational pattern to Seattle's shopping centers, but also were positively associated with population distribution given the Hot Spot Analysis. In other words, Seattle's cemeteries were originally located in rural areas, but later came to be located in urban areas, sustaining the landscape of American rural cemeteries.

주제어

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문제 정의

Finally, this research addressed comprehensive and deep understanding of urban patterns through historical reasoning and objective measurement to cultural landscape. If this research is expanded to compare many different cities in the world, it could draw a variety of spatial patterns for each country, each region, or each culture.
This research investigated the spatial structure and historical change of urban cemeteries in Seattle. The research finally reached the following conclusions through the mixed method that combined historical analysis with cluster analysis.
It is usual to see urban cemeteries in the United States that are right next to residential areas, which may speculate that cemeteries, namely spaces for the dead are not so different, in terms of locational patterns, from other urban facilities such as schools, markets, and government offices, that is to say, spaces for the living. However, this conjecture fundamentally brings up two important questions: 1) Were the cemeteries, for the first time, located in the city rather than outside the city? 2) Are the cemeteries actually located near residents? With these questions, this research aims to investigate spatial structure and historical change of urban cemeteries in Seattle. For this, I historically traced early cemeteries of Seattle, then objectively measured locational patterns of cemeteries, and finally identified how cemeteries in Seattle became urban facilities.

가설 설정

It is usual to see urban cemeteries in the United States that are right next to residential areas, which may speculate that cemeteries, namely spaces for the dead are not so different, in terms of locational patterns, from other urban facilities such as schools, markets, and government offices, that is to say, spaces for the living. However, this conjecture fundamentally brings up two important questions: 1) Were the cemeteries, for the first time, located in the city rather than outside the city? 2) Are the cemeteries actually located near residents? With these questions, this research aims to investigate spatial structure and historical change of urban cemeteries in Seattle. For this, I historically traced early cemeteries of Seattle, then objectively measured locational patterns of cemeteries, and finally identified how cemeteries in Seattle became urban facilities.
It is usual to see urban cemeteries in the United States that are right next to residential areas, which may speculate that cemeteries, namely spaces for the dead are not so different, in terms of locational patterns, from other urban facilities such as schools, markets, and government offices, that is to say, spaces for the living. However, this conjecture fundamentally brings up two important questions: 1) Were the cemeteries, for the first time, located in the city rather than outside the city? 2) Are the cemeteries actually located near residents? With these questions, this research aims to investigate spatial structure and historical change of urban cemeteries in Seattle. For this, I historically traced early cemeteries of Seattle, then objectively measured locational patterns of cemeteries, and finally identified how cemeteries in Seattle became urban facilities.

제안 방법

For this, the research created locational maps of Seattle’s cemeteries and shopping centers, calculated their average nearest neighbor indexes, and identified statically significant hot spots and cold spots of Seattle’s population distribution using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic.
More specifically, the research historically analyzed how Seattle’s early cemeteries responded to urban formation in the beginning of Seattle. For this, the research traced early cemeteries on historic maps, comparing and contrasting them with urban formation in Seattle. As a result, the research found out that early cemeteries of Seattle were tightly interrelated due to repeated relocation of corpses as Seattle grew.
Given the proximity of Seattle’s cemeteries to urban residential areas, this research looked into the contextual relationship between cemeteries and the surroundings according to two time periods: the early formation period of cemeteries in Seattle and the current period.
Finally, this research addressed comprehensive and deep understanding of urban patterns through historical reasoning and objective measurement to cultural landscape. If this research is expanded to compare many different cities in the world, it could draw a variety of spatial patterns for each country, each region, or each culture. They could show certain universality as well as distinct characteristics that cultural landscapes may have.
Given the proximity of Seattle’s cemeteries to urban residential areas, this research looked into the contextual relationship between cemeteries and the surroundings according to two time periods: the early formation period of cemeteries in Seattle and the current period. In addition, a mixed method was taken that combined historical analysis based on old references and historic maps with cluster analysis using GIS.
It is crucial to understand when Seattle was developed for the first time and how cemeteries were introduced to Seattle in order to conduct historical analysis of early cemeteries of Seattle and urban formation.
, 2015). Meanwhile, the research took a one-standard deviational ellipse in containing locational points within each ellipse.
Next, the research objectively measured current pattern of cemeteries in Seattle through ArcGIS. For this, the research created locational maps of Seattle’s cemeteries and shopping centers, calculated their average nearest neighbor indexes, and identified statically significant hot spots and cold spots of Seattle’s population distribution using the Getis-Ord Gi* statistic.
This research investigated the spatial structure and historical change of urban cemeteries in Seattle. The research finally reached the following conclusions through the mixed method that combined historical analysis with cluster analysis.
Third, the research conducted cluster analysis by using ArcGIS Spatial Statistics tools in order to compare and contrast locational pattern of cemeteries with that of shopping centers. Especially, the research tried to answer the following three questions: Q1.
However, it was not clear whether early cemeteries of Seattle were by-products or precursors of urban formation in Seattle. Thus, the research examined this question in three different ways using historic census data, old maps, and the annexation history of Seattle.

대상 데이터

2 Research Method, sizes of cemeteries covered in this research fell under the type of Community Center”, according to the International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)’s typology. As a result, the research identified 20 cemeteries and 46 shopping centers within the research boundary. All locations of selected cemeteries and shopping centers were geocoded on the base map according to the formal postal addresses by using ArcGIS Online Address Locator.
For example, there were several burial grounds of Native Americans in downtown Seattle areas when the Denny Party arrived in Seattle. The best-known burial ground was on the bluff that used to be above the beach at what is now the foot of Seneca Street. Others were found further from downtown on the western slope of Beacon Hill and in Ballard just west of where the railroad bridge is, which was also on a hill (Daly, 1984).
This research first acquired basic data including 2010 Census Tracts, Blocks, and Populations from King County GIS Data Portal. Then, additional data of cemeteries and shopping centers in Seattle were collected through Google Search and relevant literature.

성능/효과

For this, the research traced early cemeteries on historic maps, comparing and contrasting them with urban formation in Seattle. As a result, the research found out that early cemeteries of Seattle were tightly interrelated due to repeated relocation of corpses as Seattle grew. Especially, the research tried to answer the following questions:
Fourth, most locations of cemeteries and shopping centers were located in the hot spots of Seattle’s population distribution, which meant that distributions of cemeteries and shopping centers were positively associated with population distribution, Relatively, distribution of cemeteries was more positively associated with population distribution than that of shopping centers.

참고문헌 (33)

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상세보기
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상세보기
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상세보기
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상세보기
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상세보기
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상세보기
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