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Investigation of Passing Ships in Inaccessible Areas Using Satellite-based Automatic Identification System (S-AIS) Data 원문보기

대한원격탐사학회지 = Korean journal of remote sensing, v.34 no.4, 2018년, pp.579 - 590  

Hong, Dan-Bee (Marine Security and Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology) ,  Yang, Chan-Su (Marine Security and Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology) ,  Kim, Tae-Ho (Marine Security and Safety Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

Shipping of North Korea is not yet publicly well documented. Taedong River, the most important sea route of North Korea, is selected as a model study area to show how effectively a remote place can be investigated through the application of satellite-based Automatic Identification System (S-AIS) for...

주제어

#North Korea   #Automatic Identification System   #Flag of Convenience  

표/그림 (11)

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper 아이콘 AI-Helper

* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.

제안 방법

  • From this study, the ships that existed in the region where entry is not allowed physically were identified using S-AIS, and it shows the usefulness of S-AIS in respect of safety and security by extracting ship’s information that is hard to obtained solely from a land-based AIS for large area.
  • In this study, we use the S-AIS information to identify vessels operating in areas where difficult physical access, and to analyze the operating characteristics using navigation and national information.
  • In particular, the present study is designed to understand shipping and tracks of those vessels which entered the Taedong River in North Korea through the Yellow Sea and visited one or more from the ports of Nampo, Taean, Songnim or Pyeongyang on that river. The S-AIS messages of those ships were analyzed according to registry of nation, ship type, frequency and temporal positions in the area. The routes of those ships were also identified through analysis of the movement path in the Yellow Sea which also facilitates hypothetically examining flag of convenience (FOC) of those vessels.

대상 데이터

  • To confirm the entry of North Korea related ships into South Korea, the ships that entered both the Taedong River (N1 area) and the ports of South Korea (S1, S2, and S3 areas) were extracted. A total of 15 ships are found to navigate both territorial waters of North Korea and South Korea, and information of these ships is shown in Table 4. Out of those 15 ships, 14 were cargo and 1 was tanker, and ships under the flag of Cambodia were dominant followed by Panama, Niue, and China.
  • In this study, S-AIS data obtained from ExactEarth Company between 1st  January to 31st December 2014 for the Yellow Sea are used.
  • The information of ships that entered the Taedong River from 1st January to 31st December 2014 was obtained from S-AIS, and a total of 325 ships were found to navigate on the Taedong River. The ships flied the flag of North Korea were dominant, and there are ships under the flags of 15 countries and without nationality information.

이론/모형

  • 6 also shows that many ships under the flags of Cambodia, Sierra Leone, Panama, Mongolia, and Kiribati including the ships without flag information have similar tracks with that of North Korea. For quantitative interpretation of a trajectory similarity, Jaccard index (Jaccard similarity coefficient, J)(Jaccard, 1912) was used and shown in Equation (1).
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참고문헌 (18)

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    상세보기

  2. Chen,Y., 2014. Satellite-basedAIS and its comparison with LRIT, International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 8(2): 183-187. 

    상세보기 crossref

  3. Ducruet, C. and J.C. Jo, 2008. Coastal cities, port activities and logistic constraints in a socialist developing country: the case of North Korea, Transport Reviews, 28(1): 35-59. 

    상세보기 crossref

  4. Gianni, M., 2008. Real and Present Danger: Flag State Failure and Maritime security and Safety, http://assets.panda.org/downloads/flag_state_ performance.pdf, Accessed on Aug. 8, 2018. 

  5. Gianni, M. and W. Simpson, 2005. The Changing Nature of High Seas Fishing: how flags of convenience provide cover for illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, http://www.agriculture.gov.au/fisheries/iuu/highseas, Accessed on Aug. 8, 2018. 

  6. Hong, D.B. and C.S. Yang, 2014. Classification of passing vessels around the Ieodo Ocean Research Station using automatic identification system (AIS), Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment and Energy, 17(4): 297-305. 

    원문보기 상세보기 crossref

  7. Hoye, G.K., T. Eriksen, B.J. Meland, and B.T. Narheim, 2008. Space-based AIS for global maritime traffic monitoring, ActaAstranautica, 62(2-3): 240-245. 

    상세보기 crossref

  8. International TelecommunicationUnion, 2014.Technical characteristics for an automatic identification system using time division multiple access in the VHF maritime mobile frequency band (Recommendation ITU-R M.1371-5), https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-M.1371-5-201402-I/en, Accessed on Aug. 8, 2018. 

  9. Jaccard, P., 1912. The distribution of the flora in the alpine zone, New Phytologis, 11(2): 37-50. 

    상세보기 crossref

  10. Jeong,W.Y., 2014. Mongolian sunken ship likely from Pyongyang, Korea JoongAng Daily 12 May. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/ article/Article.aspx?aid2988992,Accessed on Aug. 8, 2018. 

  11. Jo,J.C. and C. Ducruet, 2006. Maritime trade and port evolution in a socialist developing country: Nampo, gateway of North Korea, The Korea Spatial Planning Review, 51(1): 3-24. 

  12. Kim, T.H., J.Jeong, and C.S. Yang, 2016. Construction and operation of AIS system on Socheongcho Ocean Research Station, Journal of Coastal Disaster Prevention, 3(2): 74-80. 

    상세보기 crossref

  13. Korea Herald, 2010. N.K. will pay the price for provocative acts, http://khnews.kheraldm.com/view.php?ud20100524000612&md201005 24173909_BL, Accessed on Aug. 8, 2018. 

  14. Lillie, N., 2004. Global collective bargaining on flag of convenience shipping, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 42(1): 47-67. 

    상세보기 crossref

  15. Payne, R.J., 1980. Flags of convenience and oil pollution: a threat to nationalsecurity, Houston Journal of International Law, 3: 67-99. 

  16. United Nation Security Council (S/2015/131), 2015. Report of the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1874 (2009), http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol S/2015/13, Accessed on Aug. 8, 2018. 

  17. Vespe, M., M. Sciotti, F. Burro, G. Battistello, and S. Sorge, 2008. Maritime multi-sensor data association based on geographic and navigational knowledge, Proc. of 2008 IEEE Radar Conference, Rome, Italy, May. 26-30, pp. 1-6. 

  18. Yang, C., Q. Hu, X. Tu, and J. Geng, 2012. An integrated vessel tracking system by using AIS, Inmarsat and China Beidou navigation satellite system, International Journal onMarine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 6(2): 175-178. 

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