[논문]The Influence of Hen Aging on Eggshell Ultrastructure and Shell Mineral Components

Park, Ji-Ae; Sohn, Sea-Hwan

doi:10.5851/kosfa.2018.e41

The Influence of Hen Aging on Eggshell Ultrastructure and Shell Mineral Components 원문보기

Korean journal for food science of animal resources = 한국축산식품학회지, v.38 no.5, 2018년, pp.1080 - 1091

Park, Ji-Ae (Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) , Sohn, Sea-Hwan (Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

The eggshell, which is a complex and highly ordered structure, is very important factor for food safety and egg marketing. This study investigated the changes in eggshell structure and shell components in relationship to hen age. For this study, we examined the histological change of the endometrium of the 30-, 60-, and 72-wk-old commercial layers, and analyzed the ultrastructure and ionic composition of their eggshells. The results showed that histological deformation, fibrosis, atrophy and elimination of micro-villi in the uterus endometrium were found through microscopic observation that was associated with increasing hen age. Concentration of blood-ion components such as $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, and $Cl^-$ ions did not change with age. Along with the results from the ultrastructure analysis of the eggshell, the palisade layer ratio and the density of mammillary knobs were significantly decreased in older hens. In addition, the type B mammillary knobs were frequently observed with increasing hen age. In the mineral element assay from the eggshell, $Ca^{2+}$, $S^{2-}$, and $Co^{2+}$ significantly decreased with increasing hen age, whereas $Na^+$, $K^+$, and $V^{2+}$ significantly increased. Therefore, the damages of endometrial tissue inhibit the processes of ion transmission and the crystallization of eggshell formation, resulting in a large and non-uniform mammillary knob formation. This means the conditions of endometrial cells affect the formation of the eggshell structure. In conclusion, hen aging causes the weakness of the eggshell and degrades the eggshell quality.

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문제 정의

This study investigated the cause and the process of eggshell quality degradation according to hen aging. As hen age increased, histological deformation, fibrosis, atrophy and ciliated cell loss in the endometrium gradually increased.

제안 방법

Each ten samples of eggshell were randomly taken from hens at 30, 60, and 78 wk old to investigate ultrastructural variations. The specimens were prepared by cutting a piece (1 cm² ) of shell from the middle short circumference area of the egg.
Next, 500 mg of the dried sample was placed in the pretreatment container, and 5 mL of 65% nitric acid then was added. The samples were placed in the high-pressure microwave sample preparation system, and the sample digestion was performed in accordance with the program (Ultrawave 2.0, Milestone, Italy). The pre-treated samples were transferred into a 50 mL flask and filled with deionized water.
The specimens were processed for paraffin section preparation with automated instruments called Tissue Processors (Model Microrn STP 120, Thermo Fisher scientific, Walldorf, Germany). The specimens were washed and passed through multiple changes of dehydrating and clearing solvents using ethanol and xylene. The specimens were placed in an embedding desk after processing.
It is well known that the material properties of the eggshell depend on its microstructure and chemical composition, both of which vary through the thickness of the eggshell. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the ultrastructural and ionic component variations of eggshell with increasing hen age, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry.

대상 데이터

Each ten samples of eggshell were randomly taken from hens at 30, 60, and 78 wk old to investigate ultrastructural variations. The specimens were prepared by cutting a piece (1 cm² ) of shell from the middle short circumference area of the egg. The shell membranes were removed by immersing in distilled water for 24 h.

데이터처리

The statistically significant differences between observations were tested by ANOVA procedure and followed by Tukey’s HSD using the SAS statistical package (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).

이론/모형

A). The calibration of the spectrometer was performed using aqueous calibration standards (MERCK ICP^-OES standard of elements). Three standards were prepared with a dilution containing 1 ppm, 5 ppm, and 10 ppm of the 11 elements.
The concentrations of mineral contents of the serum samples were measured by plasma spectrometric methods for four essential minerals, such as calcium (Ca²⁺), sodium (Na⁺⁺), potassium (K⁺) and chloride (Cl– ). The spectrophotometric analysis was conducted using Olympus AU2700 (Olympus Medical Engineering Company, Japan).

성능/효과

In conclusion, hen aging damages the uterine tissues and decreases the secretion of gonadal hormones, which reduces the levels of Ca2+, S2–, and Co2+ in the uterus.
The result showed that Ca2+, S2–, and Co2+ significantly decreased, whereas Na++, K+, and V2+ significantly increased with increasing hen age.

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