[논문]Effect of Pine Wilt Disease Control on the Distribution of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

Heo, Young-Jin; Ha, Man-Leung; Park, Jun-Young; Lee, Snag-Gon; Lee, Chong-Kyu

doi:10.7747/jfes.2019.35.4.248

Effect of Pine Wilt Disease Control on the Distribution of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) 원문보기

Journal of forest and environmental science, v.35 no.4, 2019년, pp.248 - 257

Heo, Young-Jin (Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) , Ha, Man-Leung (Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) , Park, Jun-Young (Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) , Lee, Snag-Gon (Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology) , Lee, Chong-Kyu (Department of Forest Resources, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

We chose the Mt. Dalum area (located in Gijang-gun, Busan, Korea) for our survey, particularly The pine wilt disease zone and the non-permanent control area. This study investigates the effect of pine wilt disease on the distribution of beetle species in the process of ecosystem change due to insect control; pine forests treated for pine wilt disease were divided into insect control and non-control sites, respectively. The results of this study are as follows. Twen tyseven species belongs to 12 families were identified from 969 ground beetles collected from this sites. Species richness was the highest in Coleoptera (6 species, 469 individuals). In the control site, 21 species belongs to 10 families were identified from 228 individuals, while 24 species of 11 families from 533 individuals in the non-control area. The highest number of species were noted in June and July from the non- control and control sites, respectively. The highest number of insects in control and non-control sites was observed in July, while the lowest in September. Sipalinus gigas gigas, Spondylis buprestoides, Plesiophthalmus davidis, Calosoma maximowiczi, Damaster jankowskii jankowskii, and Damaster smaragdinus were captured in both study sites. Episomustur ntus and Glischrochilus ipsoides were only captured in the control site, while Macrodorcas rectus rectus and Pheropsophus javanus were only captured in the non-control site. Six beetles and five species (such as Calosoma maximowiczi) were found in the control site and six species (including Damaster smaragdinus) in the non-control site. The species distributions by altitude were 163, 518, and 258 individuals, at 100, 200 and 300 m sites, respectively. The diversity, evenness, and dominance indices in the control area were 0.764, 0.812, and 0.367, respectively. The diversity, evenness, and dominance indices in the non-control area were 0.927, 0.837, and 0.352, respectively. The similarity index between the control and non-control area was 80%.

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표/그림 (18)

그림 Fig. 1. Location map of the survey sites.
표 Table 1. General characteristics of survey site
표 Table 2. Collection date and method for this study
표 Table 4. Species and individuals of insects belonging to key families from the survey sites
표 Table 3. Species composition of Carabid beetles in the study site
그림 Fig. 2. Monthly number of families of collected beetles in the control site of pine wilt disease.
그림 Fig. 3. Monthly number of species of collected beetles in the control site of pine wilt disease.
그림 Fig. 4. Monthly number of individuals of collected beetles in the control site of pine wilt disease.
그림 Fig. 5. Monthly number of families of collected beetles in the non-control site of pine wilt disease.
그림 Fig. 6. Monthly number of species of collected beetles in the non-control site of pine wilt disease.
그림 Fig. 7. Monthly number of individuals of collected beetles in the non-control site of pine wilt disease.
그림 Fig. 8. Seasonal number of individual of beetles in survey site.
그림 Fig. 9. Distribution of insect species in the control site of pine wilt disease.
그림 Fig. 10. Distribution of insect species in the non-control site of pine wilt disease.
그림 Fig. 11. Seasonal pattern of beetles (Cardiidae) species in the control site of pine wilt disease.
그림 Fig. 12. Seasonal pattern of beetles (Cardiidae) species in the non-control site of pine wilt disease.
그림 Fig. 13. Number of individuals collected from survey sites by altitude.
표 Table 5. Comparison of species diversity indices of beetles in two survey sites

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문제 정의

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of pine tree reeves disease on the distribution of beetle species in the process of ecosystem change caused by pine wilt disease. This study also compared the changes in population and diversity of beetle species as a basic data for the control of pine wilt disease.
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of pine tree reeves disease on the distribution of beetle species in the process of ecosystem change caused by pine wilt disease. This study also compared the changes in population and diversity of beetle species as a basic data for the control of pine wilt disease.

대상 데이터

A sphere of 20 m × 20 m was designated at the locations of 100 m, 200 m, and 300 m altitude each in the control area, where five traps were installed in each square hole.

이론/모형

Simpson’s diversity index, dominance index, and Pielou‘s bacterial index for PWD control and non-control areas were analyzed (Table 5).
Composition and diversity of species were analyzed in each field. The analysis was conducted using the Diversity Index (D) of Simpson (1949), the Coefficient Index (D) of Pielou (1975), and the Diversity Index of Shannon-Wiener. The equations representing these indexes are as follows:
The insect survey was conducted in the PWD control and non-control area, using the pitfall trap method (Lövei and Sunderland 1996; Niemelä et al. 2000; Jung et al. 2011) using characteristics of the environmental index species.
Plastic food containers (depth: 12 cm; entrance diameter: 8 cm; floor diameter: 5 cm) with mixed fruits and jams were used as pitfall traps to collect beetles. The investigation was conducted using both the pitfall trap and the direct grab method.

성능/효과

The results were 6 species (261 individuals) of Caradidae, 5 species (96individuals) of Harpalidae, 1 species (43 individuals) of Curculionidae, 1 species (28 individuals) of Silphidae, 2species (27 individuals) of Brachinidae, 3 species (32 individuals) of Tenebrionidae, 1 species (27 individuals) of Cetoniidae, 1 species (17 individuals) of Elateridae, 1 species (11 individuals) of Lucanidae, 2 species (8 individuals) of Ruelidae, and 1 species (3 individuals) of Cerambycidae. In the control group, Nitidulidae in Glicochilchilusipsoides, Curculionidae in Episomusturisus, Cerambycidae in Moechotypadiphysis, and 3 family and 3 species were not identified. These results show that Glischrochilusipsoides dominate the pine forests and Moechotypadiphysi, Episomusturritus is considered to have little activity in the healthy pine forest.
There were 6 species of Carabidae and 5 species of Calosoma max- imowiczi in the PWD control area, and six species (including Caloso mamaximowiczi) were distributed in the control group. It was found that the distribution of the species in the PWD control area was the highest in July when Caloso mamaximowiczi, Carabus sternbergi, and Carabus tubercuosus were distributed, which is followed by June, August, May, and September. But Damaster jankowskii jankowskii had the highest distribution in May, followed by July, June, August, and September.
Sipalinus gigas gigas and Damaster smaragdinus accounted for about 13% of the total collected species, followed by Calosoma maximowiczi and Carabussternbergi. Therefore, the pine wilt disease controand a control, the population of Carabidae amounted to 469 individuals, of which approximately 50% were distributed, which is similar to the studies reporting a high ratio of Carabidae in the healthy forest areas (Lee et al.
In the PWD control area, 6 species had more populations. Sipalinus gigas gigas were the most common with 81 individuals, and followed by Damaster smaragdinus (53 individuals), Carabussternbergi (49 individuals), Calosoma maximowiczi (46 individuals), Carabus tubercuosus(31 individuals), and Damaster jankowskii jankowskii (29 individuals) (Fig. 9). In addition, the results of a survey conducted by a control center found that in forest development without the PWD control, 9 species (including Damaster smaragdinus) were observed.
5-7. The monthly results were 3 families, including Rutelidae collected in May; 10 families, including Curculionidae in June and July; and 11 families including Lucanidae in August; and 10 families were confirmed in September (Fig. 5).
In the PWD control and non-control areas, from May to September 2018, the beetles collected using trap and direct methods (Table 3) were classified into 12 families, 27 species and 939 individuals. The most abundant species were Caradidae (6 species, 469 individuals); Curculionidae (2 species, 130 individuals), Harpalidae (5 species, 115 individuals), Tenebrionidae (3 species, 56 individuals), Silphidae (1 species, 39 individuals), Cetoniidae (1 species, 37 individuals), Brachinidae (2 species, 34 individuals), Elateridae (1 species, 28 individuals), Lucanidae (1 species, 11 individuals), Cerambycidae (2 species, 11 individuals), Ruelidae (2 species 8 individuals), and Nitidulidae (1 species 1 individuals) (Table 4).
In addition, the results of a survey conducted by a control center found that in forest development without the PWD control, 9 species (including Damaster smaragdinus) were observed. The most common species was Damaster smaragdinus, with 70 individuals, followed by Planetes puncticeps (58 individuals), Calosoma maximowiczi (4 individuals), Carabussternbergi (51 individuals), Damaster jankowski jankowski (45 individuals), Sipalinus gigas gigas (43 individuals), Carabus tubercuosus (35 individuals), Plesiophthalmus davidis and Silpha perforata perforata (28 individuals) (Fig. 10). The major 6 species found in two irradiated regions, Sipalinus gigas gigas, Calosoma maximowiczi, Carabus sternbergi, Carabus tubercuosus, Damaster jankowskii jankowskii, Planetes puncticeps.
The similarity index, on the other hand, was calculated to be 80% in order to examine the effect of PWD control on the distribution of beetle populations according to the results of the two sites (Table 5). The results of this analysis suggest that the similarity index of 80% in two sites is affected by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus control in the beetle cluster analysis.
In the PWD control area, 386 individuals be longs to 21 species, 10 families were observed. The results were 5 species (208 individuals) of Caradidae, 2 species (87 individuals) of Curculionidae, 3 species (24 individuals) of Tenebrionidae, 4 species (19 individuals) of Harpalidae, 1 species (11 individuals) of Silphidae, 1 species (11 individuals) of Elateridae, 1 species (10 individuals) of Cetoniidae, 2 species (8 individuals) of Cerambycidae, 1 species (7 individuals) of Brachinidae, and 1 species (1 in- dividuals) of Nitidulidae. The beetle distribution in PWD control area was 208 individuals out of 386 total population (54%), followed by Curculionidae (23%) and Tenebrionidae (6%), and more than half of the surveyed population were Carabidae in the PWD control area.
Also, 553 individuals be longs to 24 species, 11 family were found in the control area without PWD. The results were 6 species (261 individuals) of Caradidae, 5 species (96individuals) of Harpalidae, 1 species (43 individuals) of Curculionidae, 1 species (28 individuals) of Silphidae, 2species (27 individuals) of Brachinidae, 3 species (32 individuals) of Tenebrionidae, 1 species (27 individuals) of Cetoniidae, 1 species (17 individuals) of Elateridae, 1 species (11 individuals) of Lucanidae, 2 species (8 individuals) of Ruelidae, and 1 species (3 individuals) of Cerambycidae. In the control group, Nitidulidae in Glicochilchilusipsoides, Curculionidae in Episomusturisus, Cerambycidae in Moechotypadiphysis, and 3 family and 3 species were not identified.
There were 8 species including Episomusturritus in May, 17 species including Moechotypadiphysis in June, and 18 species including Silpha perforata perforata in July. There were 16 species, including Plesiophthalmus davidis, in August, and 10 species in September, which indicate that the collected families and species in the summer are more diverse than in the spring and autumn due to dietary (Fig.3). In addition, the number of individuals collected in July was 123 individuals (July), 92 individuals in June, 81 individuals in August, 61 individuals in May, and 29 individuals in September (Fig.
11 as a result of analyzing the time-to-time distribution of the collected species of Carabidae as environmental indicators. There were 6 species of Carabidae and 5 species of Calosoma max- imowiczi in the PWD control area, and six species (including Caloso mamaximowiczi) were distributed in the control group. It was found that the distribution of the species in the PWD control area was the highest in July when Caloso mamaximowiczi, Carabus sternbergi, and Carabus tubercuosus were distributed, which is followed by June, August, May, and September.
In the control group, Nitidulidae in Glicochilchilusipsoides, Curculionidae in Episomusturisus, Cerambycidae in Moechotypadiphysis, and 3 family and 3 species were not identified. These results show that Glischrochilusipsoides dominate the pine forests and Moechotypadiphysi, Episomusturritus is considered to have little activity in the healthy pine forest. These results are similar to that reported from the sound forest ecosystem (Lee 2010) becauseMoechotypadiphysis in Cerambiodae and Episomustruritus in Curculationidae are common in the area around the dead trees (Table 3).

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