Fungal contamination of built-in furniture is a frequent problem in Korea when new apartment is built. However, domestic information on the contaminating fungi is very limited. This study was conducted to isolate, identify and characterize the fungi of the problem in one of the apartment houses wher...
Fungal contamination of built-in furniture is a frequent problem in Korea when new apartment is built. However, domestic information on the contaminating fungi is very limited. This study was conducted to isolate, identify and characterize the fungi of the problem in one of the apartment houses where the fungi were claimed in the built-in furniture before the house owner moves in. Fungi present in the furniture installed in a main room, dress room, and kitchen side were visually and microscopically confirmed and purely isolated on PDA. The isolated fungi were identified by analyzing the morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequence of the ITS, calmodulin gene, and TEF-1α gene. Aspergillus creber, A. niger, A. pseudoglacus, A. ruber, Cladosporium perangustum and Penicillium commune were identified. Four out of the six fungal species were positive for at least one enzyme in six kinds of extracellular enzyme assays. When these four species (A. creber, A. niger, C. perangustum and P. commune) were inoculated onto four kinds of wood chips of furniture materials, they were able to colonize all of the wood chips. Their settlement was better at 95% humidity condition than at 30% humidity condition. Among the four species, C. perangustum caused the darkest discoloration and secreted the most number of extracellular enzymes. The four species were re-isolated from the colonized wood chips and confirmed as the problematic fungi in the built-in furniture.
Fungal contamination of built-in furniture is a frequent problem in Korea when new apartment is built. However, domestic information on the contaminating fungi is very limited. This study was conducted to isolate, identify and characterize the fungi of the problem in one of the apartment houses where the fungi were claimed in the built-in furniture before the house owner moves in. Fungi present in the furniture installed in a main room, dress room, and kitchen side were visually and microscopically confirmed and purely isolated on PDA. The isolated fungi were identified by analyzing the morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequence of the ITS, calmodulin gene, and TEF-1α gene. Aspergillus creber, A. niger, A. pseudoglacus, A. ruber, Cladosporium perangustum and Penicillium commune were identified. Four out of the six fungal species were positive for at least one enzyme in six kinds of extracellular enzyme assays. When these four species (A. creber, A. niger, C. perangustum and P. commune) were inoculated onto four kinds of wood chips of furniture materials, they were able to colonize all of the wood chips. Their settlement was better at 95% humidity condition than at 30% humidity condition. Among the four species, C. perangustum caused the darkest discoloration and secreted the most number of extracellular enzymes. The four species were re-isolated from the colonized wood chips and confirmed as the problematic fungi in the built-in furniture.
* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.
제안 방법
The determined nucleotide sequences of the isolated fungi in this study and reference sequences were subjected to multiple nucleotide sequence alignment using Cluster X program [12]. From the multiple alignment data, a phylogenetic tree was drawn using MEGA 5.0 program [13] to analyze the relationship between the isolated fungi and reference fungal species. Tree construction was performed using the neighbor joining method [14] based on the nucleotide sequence of calmodulin gene region and TEF-1α gene region.
This trend is likely resulting in the chance of fungal contamination in indoor environment. In this study we found out about the fungal species blooming in the built-in indoor furniture as well as the characteristics that can damage the furniture. Our work suggests it is necessary to manage fungal contamination in built-in furniture to reduce human impact and damage to furniture.
As a control, 10 μl of sterile water was spotted. Inoculation test was performed with three replicates. The inoculated wood chips were incubated in a thermo-hygrostat incubator at 25 ℃ and 30% humidity or 95% humidity condition for 10 days, respectively.
After that, the wood chip was checked by culturing the UV sterilized wood chip on PDA to confirm that the wood chip is free of microorganisms. Of the six representative fungal isolates, four isolates with a response in the extracellular enzyme activity test were selected to investigate their ability of wood chip colonization. The selected fungal isolates were grown on PDA to produce spores, and then spore inocula were prepared by making a spore suspension at a concentration of 2 x 108 CFU/ml with sterile water.
대상 데이터
Dissecting microscopic images of the six representative isolates from this study (scale bars = 1 mm).
Four kinds of wood panels (Pine, Lauan, Jelutong, and medium density fiberboard (MDF)) were purchased from the market for building interior materials. The purchased panels were cut into wood chips of about 2.
Fungal samples were taken in 2016 from one of houses in a newly built apartment complex located in Goseong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. The house sampled had been claimed with fungal contamination before moving in by the owner.
Optical microscopic images of the six representative isolates from this study (scale bars = 10 μm).
Four kinds of wood panels (Pine, Lauan, Jelutong, and medium density fiberboard (MDF)) were purchased from the market for building interior materials. The purchased panels were cut into wood chips of about 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.5 cm size and used for fungal inoculation experiments. The cut wood chip was immersed in 70% ethanol for 5 min for surface sterilization, air dried, and then irradiated with UV (254 nm) for 5 min for sterilization.
성능/효과
creber. The determined nucleotide sequence of C. perangustum DUCC6005, P. commune DUCC6000, A. niger DUCC6001, A. ruber DUCC6002, A. pseudoglaucus DUCC6003, and A. pseudoglaucus DUCC6003 were registered on GenBank with accession numbers, MN619775, MN619776, MN619777, MN619788, MN619779, and MN619780, respectively.
The phylogenetic position of these six species is shown in Figures 5–7, respectively. The six isolates from six sampling spots phylogenetically agreed with Aspergillus niger, A. pseudoglacus, A. ruber, and A. creber, C. perangustum and P. commune, respectively (Figure 3). Thus, we identified Cladosporium sp.
후속연구
The results of the present study are expected to serve as first case study on built-in furniture in apartment buildings.
The results of the present study are expected to serve as first case study on built-in furniture in apartment buildings. To resolve the fungal problems, further investigation should be needed to chase the origin of the fungal contamination in the built-in furniture in apartments by analyzing fungal contaminants before and after its installation.
참고문헌 (28)
1 Choi YJ A study on improvement of indoor air quality in homes . The Seoul Institute ; 2013 .
2 Reuss G , Disteldorf W , Gamer AO , et?al. Formaldehyde In: Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . WileyVCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KgaA 2002 .
3 Schwarzenegger A Indoor air pollution in California . California EPA ; 2005 .
4 Occupational Safety and Health administration Formaldehyde. Standard number 1910.1048. U.S. Department of Labor; [Cited 2019 Sep 2].
5 California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment Notice of adoption of air toxics hot spots program technical support document for the derivation of noncancer reference exposure levels and 6 RELS. 2008 .
6 Rumchev KB , Spicket JT , Bulsara MK , et?al. Domestic exposure to formaldehyde significantly increases the risk of asthma in young children . Eur Respir J . 2002 ; 20 ( 2 ): 403 ? 406 . 12212974
7 Kim JY , Yoon JH , Lee CE , et?al. Environmental hygienics . 9th ed. Seoul : KMS ; 2017 p 335 ? 360 .
8 Moon HJ , Yoon YR , Park JW An experimental study on mold germination and growth on wallpapers at different environmental conditions . J Archit Inst Korea . 2009 ; 25 ( 6 ): 237 ? 244 .
9 Kwon MH , Jang SK , Ryu JM , et?al. A study on management of major indoor air pollutants by house type in Korea (I) . NIER ; 2009 .
10 Kim SH , Uzunovic A , Breuil C Rapid detection of Ophiostoma piceae and O. quercus in stained wood by PCR . Appl Environ Microbiol . 1999 ; 65 ( 1 ): 287 ? 290 . 9872792
14 Saitou N , Nei M The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees . Mol Biol Evol . 1987 ; 4 ( 4 ): 406 ? 425 . 3447015
16 Rafai M , El-Yazid HA , Hassan A Monograph on Aspergillus and aspergillosis in man, animals and birds. A guide for classification and identification of aspergilli, diseases caused by them, diagnosis and treatment. Academia ; 2014 .
17 Kwon HW , Kim JY , Min SH , et?al. Biochemical characterization of Agaricus bisporus dikaryon strains . Kor J Mycol . 2014 ; 42 ( 1 ): 86 ? 90 .
18 Sosa MJ , Cordoba JJ , Diaz C , et?al. Production of cyclopiazonic acid by Penicillium commune isolated from dry-cured ham on a meat extract-based substrate . J Food Prot . 2002 ; 65 ( 6 ): 988 ? 992 . 12092733
19 Ge Y , Wang Y , Liu YX , et?al. Two species of Aspergillus forming yellow cleistothecia popularly known as “golden flower” in dark brick tea of China . Mycosystema . 2015 ; 34 ( 2 ): 186 ? 195 .
20 Ahn GR , Choi MA , Kim JE , et?al. A report of eighteen unrecorded fungal species in Korea . Kor J Mycol . 2017 ; 45 ( 4 ): 292 ? 303 .
21 Yun YH , Hyun MW , Suh DY , et?al. Identification and characterization of Eurotium rubrum isolated from Meju in Korea . Mycobiology . 2009 ; 37 ( 4 ): 251 ? 257 . 23983544
22 Negri CE , Goncalves SS , Xafranski H , et?al. Cryptic and rare Aspergillus species in Brazil: prevalence in clinical samples and in?vitro susceptibility to triazoles . J Clin Microbiol . 2014 ; 52 ( 10 ): 3633 ? 3640 . 25078909
26 Pitt JI , Cruickshank RH , Leistner L Penicillium commune , P. camembertii , the origin of white cheese moulds, and the production of cyclopiazonic acid . Food Microbiology . 1986 ; 3 ( 4 ): 363 ? 371 .
27 Kumar R , Sharma J , Singh R Production of tannase from Aspergillus ruber under solid-state fermentation using jamun ( Syzygium cumini ) leaves . Microbiol Res . 2007 ; 162 ( 4 ): 384 ? 390 . 16870410
28 Jurjevic Z , Peterson SW , Horn BW Aspergillus section Versicolores : nine new species and multilocus DNA sequence based phylogeny . IMA Fungus . 2012 ; 3 ( 1 ): 59 ? 79 . 23155501
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.