Fungal contamination of built-in furniture is a frequent problem in Korea when new apartment is built. However, domestic information on the contaminating fungi is very limited. This study was conducted to isolate, identify and characterize the fungi of the problem in one of the apartment houses wher...
Fungal contamination of built-in furniture is a frequent problem in Korea when new apartment is built. However, domestic information on the contaminating fungi is very limited. This study was conducted to isolate, identify and characterize the fungi of the problem in one of the apartment houses where the fungi were claimed in the built-in furniture before the house owner moves in. Fungi present in the furniture installed in a main room, dress room, and kitchen side were visually and microscopically confirmed and purely isolated on PDA. The isolated fungi were identified by analyzing the morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequence of the ITS, calmodulin gene, and TEF-1α gene. Aspergillus creber, A. niger, A. pseudoglacus, A. ruber, Cladosporium perangustum and Penicillium commune were identified. Four out of the six fungal species were positive for at least one enzyme in six kinds of extracellular enzyme assays. When these four species (A. creber, A. niger, C. perangustum and P. commune) were inoculated onto four kinds of wood chips of furniture materials, they were able to colonize all of the wood chips. Their settlement was better at 95% humidity condition than at 30% humidity condition. Among the four species, C. perangustum caused the darkest discoloration and secreted the most number of extracellular enzymes. The four species were re-isolated from the colonized wood chips and confirmed as the problematic fungi in the built-in furniture.
Fungal contamination of built-in furniture is a frequent problem in Korea when new apartment is built. However, domestic information on the contaminating fungi is very limited. This study was conducted to isolate, identify and characterize the fungi of the problem in one of the apartment houses where the fungi were claimed in the built-in furniture before the house owner moves in. Fungi present in the furniture installed in a main room, dress room, and kitchen side were visually and microscopically confirmed and purely isolated on PDA. The isolated fungi were identified by analyzing the morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequence of the ITS, calmodulin gene, and TEF-1α gene. Aspergillus creber, A. niger, A. pseudoglacus, A. ruber, Cladosporium perangustum and Penicillium commune were identified. Four out of the six fungal species were positive for at least one enzyme in six kinds of extracellular enzyme assays. When these four species (A. creber, A. niger, C. perangustum and P. commune) were inoculated onto four kinds of wood chips of furniture materials, they were able to colonize all of the wood chips. Their settlement was better at 95% humidity condition than at 30% humidity condition. Among the four species, C. perangustum caused the darkest discoloration and secreted the most number of extracellular enzymes. The four species were re-isolated from the colonized wood chips and confirmed as the problematic fungi in the built-in furniture.
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제안 방법
The determined nucleotide sequences of the isolated fungi in this study and reference sequences were subjected to multiple nucleotide sequence alignment using Cluster X program [12]. From the multiple alignment data, a phylogenetic tree was drawn using MEGA 5.0 program [13] to analyze the relationship between the isolated fungi and reference fungal species. Tree construction was performed using the neighbor joining method [14] based on the nucleotide sequence of calmodulin gene region and TEF-1α gene region.
This trend is likely resulting in the chance of fungal contamination in indoor environment. In this study we found out about the fungal species blooming in the built-in indoor furniture as well as the characteristics that can damage the furniture. Our work suggests it is necessary to manage fungal contamination in built-in furniture to reduce human impact and damage to furniture.
As a control, 10 μl of sterile water was spotted. Inoculation test was performed with three replicates. The inoculated wood chips were incubated in a thermo-hygrostat incubator at 25 ℃ and 30% humidity or 95% humidity condition for 10 days, respectively.
After that, the wood chip was checked by culturing the UV sterilized wood chip on PDA to confirm that the wood chip is free of microorganisms. Of the six representative fungal isolates, four isolates with a response in the extracellular enzyme activity test were selected to investigate their ability of wood chip colonization. The selected fungal isolates were grown on PDA to produce spores, and then spore inocula were prepared by making a spore suspension at a concentration of 2 x 108 CFU/ml with sterile water.
대상 데이터
Dissecting microscopic images of the six representative isolates from this study (scale bars = 1 mm).
Four kinds of wood panels (Pine, Lauan, Jelutong, and medium density fiberboard (MDF)) were purchased from the market for building interior materials. The purchased panels were cut into wood chips of about 2.
Fungal samples were taken in 2016 from one of houses in a newly built apartment complex located in Goseong-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do. The house sampled had been claimed with fungal contamination before moving in by the owner.
Optical microscopic images of the six representative isolates from this study (scale bars = 10 μm).
Four kinds of wood panels (Pine, Lauan, Jelutong, and medium density fiberboard (MDF)) were purchased from the market for building interior materials. The purchased panels were cut into wood chips of about 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.5 cm size and used for fungal inoculation experiments. The cut wood chip was immersed in 70% ethanol for 5 min for surface sterilization, air dried, and then irradiated with UV (254 nm) for 5 min for sterilization.
성능/효과
creber. The determined nucleotide sequence of C. perangustum DUCC6005, P. commune DUCC6000, A. niger DUCC6001, A. ruber DUCC6002, A. pseudoglaucus DUCC6003, and A. pseudoglaucus DUCC6003 were registered on GenBank with accession numbers, MN619775, MN619776, MN619777, MN619788, MN619779, and MN619780, respectively.
The phylogenetic position of these six species is shown in Figures 5–7, respectively. The six isolates from six sampling spots phylogenetically agreed with Aspergillus niger, A. pseudoglacus, A. ruber, and A. creber, C. perangustum and P. commune, respectively (Figure 3). Thus, we identified Cladosporium sp.
후속연구
The results of the present study are expected to serve as first case study on built-in furniture in apartment buildings.
The results of the present study are expected to serve as first case study on built-in furniture in apartment buildings. To resolve the fungal problems, further investigation should be needed to chase the origin of the fungal contamination in the built-in furniture in apartments by analyzing fungal contaminants before and after its installation.
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