[논문]해양환경에서의 수동형채집기(Passive Sampler)의 활용: 2. 현장노출시간 단축을 위한 개선법

장유리; 이효진; 정해진; 김기범

doi:10.7850/jkso.2019.24.2.249

[국내논문] 해양환경에서의 수동형채집기(Passive Sampler)의 활용: 2. 현장노출시간 단축을 위한 개선법
Application of Passive Sampling in Marine Environment: 2. Modified Method for Shortening of Deployment Time in a Field 원문보기

바다 : 한국해양학회지 = The sea : the journal of the Korean society of oceanography, v.24 no.2, 2019년, pp.249 - 265

장유리 (경상대학교 해양시스템공학과) , 이효진 (경상대학교 해양환경공학과) , 정해진 (경상대학교 해양시스템공학과) , 김기범 (경상대학교 해양시스템공학과)

초록
AI-Helper

수동형채집기(passive sampler)는 해수나 퇴적물 내 공극수에서의 자유용존상 농도 (freely dissolved and bioavailable concentration, $C_{free}$)를 쉽고 보다 정확히 예측할 수 있는 유망한 방법 중 하나이다. 유럽이나 미국에서는 보다 정확한 위해도 평가를 위해 해양환경 모니터링에 수동형채집기를 적극적으로 사용하는 추세이지만, 현장 적용 시 노출시간이 길어짐에 따라 수동형채집기의 생물부착으로 인한 문제점으로 국내에서의 활용도는 매우 낮다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 난분해성 유기오염물질을 대상으로 하는 수동형채집기의 원리 및 기본적인 특징을 파악하고, 수동형채집기의 현장 적용을 위한 다양한 개선 사례를 조사함으로써 국내에서의 수동형채집기의 활용도를 높이기 위한 방안을 제시하였다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

A passive sampler is one of the promising methods to easily and more accurately predict the free dissolved and bioavailable concentration ($C_{free}$) in seawater or pore water in sediments. In Europe and the United States, the use of passive samplers has been highly encouraged for more accurate marine environmental risk assessment. However, long deployment time in the field causes problems such as biofouling of the samplers, so there are few studies using passive samplers in Korea. Therefore, we review the principle and basic characteristics of the passive sampler for persistent organic pollutants, and introduce various improvement cases for the field applications of the passive sampler.

주제어

표/그림 (7)

그림 Fig. 1. Schematic processing of C_free uptake by passive sampler (a) and modes of passive sampler operation (kinetic and equilibrium) (b).
그림 Fig. 2. Number of publications by type of passive samplers applied to the field excluding atmosphere from Scopus.
그림 Fig. 3. Shapes of the passive sampler (a: SPMDs figure from NOAA, b: LDPE sheet, and c: SPME).
표 Table 1. Field deployment time for diverse passive sampler in marine environment
그림 Fig. 4. Release of [²H₁₀]anthracene from SPMDs exposed at different linear flow velocities: 0.06 cm/s (●, dotted lines), 0.28 cm/s (▲, dashed lines), and 1.14 cm/s (□, solid lines) (Adapted from Vrana and Schüürmann, 2002, Environ. Sci. Technol., 36: 290-296, with permission of American Chemical Society).
그림 Fig. 5. Comparisons of DDx porewater concentrations found using EqP (OC) (=C_s/f_ocK_oc), EqP (OC+BC) (=C_s/(f_ocK_oc+f_bcK_bcC_w ^0.7)), in situ, and Tumbling (ex situ) (Adapted from Borrelli et al., 2018, Chemosphere, 200: 227-236, with permission of Elsevier).
그림 Fig. 6. Passive samplers in seawater without cage before (a) and after (b), and with stainless cage before (c) and after (d) deployment.

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.

문제 정의

따라서 1장은 난분해성 유기오염물질을 대상으로 하는 수동형채집기의 종류 및 특징, 국외 해양환경에서의 적용 사례에 대한 고찰 등을 다루었으며(Lee at al., in press), 2장인 본 논문에서는 난분해성 유기오염물질을 대상으로 하는 수동형채집기의 동향을 파악하고, 수동형채집기별 평형에 도달하는데 소요되는 시간, 그리고 현장노출 시간 단축을 위한 다양한 연구사례를 수집하고 검토함으로써 국내 해양환경에서의 수동형채집기의 적용을 활성화하고자 한다.

제안 방법

해수 중 용존상 유기오염물질은 5-10 Å 크기의 공극을 가진 LDPE를 통과한 후 트리올레인에 흡수되며, 트리올레인에 흡수된 오염물질의 양과 흡수속도(Sampling rate, Rs)로 부터 자유용존상 농도를 계산하였다.

성능/효과

, 2003). silicone rubber (SR)의 경우 온도가 감소함에 따라 분배계수가 증가하는 패턴을 보였으며, 화합물의 소수성이 낮을수록 온도에 따른 분배계수 변화가 더욱 뚜렷하게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 염분은 염도가 증가함에 따라 분배계수가 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지는 않았다(Jonker et al.
(2018)는 11개의 실험실에서 14개의 수동형채집기를 ex situ 방법으로 동일한 퇴적물 공극수에서의 자유용존상 농도를 측정하여 비교하였다. 그 결과 각 실험실에서 산출한 자유용존상 농도 값은 약 10배 정도 차이를 나타냈지만, 제공되어진 표준화되어진 방법(standardized operational procedure, SOP)으로 분석하였을 때는 값의 차이가 절반으로 감소하였다. 나머지 편차에 대한 주요 요인은 수동형채집기 자체의 문제가 아닌 퇴적물 균질화 및 분석 오차로 확인되었다.
(2016a)은 LDPE를 해수 및 퇴적물에서 노출하였을 때 다환방향족탄화수소(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)가 95% 이상 평형에 도달하기까지 걸리는 시간을 “timescale” 개념을 이용하여 계산하였다. 그 결과 해수 및 퇴적물에서 소수성이 작은 나프탈렌 (물-옥탄올 분배계수, logK_ow=3.4)의 평형도달시간은 각각 0.1 일과 15 일이지만, 소수성이 큰 벤조(a)피렌(logK_ow=6.3)의 경우 174 일과 10^4.66 일로 예측되었다.
a와 b는 LDPE를 보호 장치 없이 해수에 노출한 전과 후의 사진으로, 4개월이 지난 LDPE에서는 부착생물을 물리적으로 제거하는 데 한계가 있었다. 반면 c와 d는 스테인레스 소재의 보호구를 장착한 PMMA의 노출 전후 사례로, 노출 후 PMMA의 보호구 표면에는 부착생물이 존재하였으나 재질 표면에서는 관찰되지 않았으며 붙어있는 이물질 역시 손쉽게 제거할 수 있었다. 따라서 최소 한 달 이상 현장에 적용할 경우, 구리나 스테인레스 소재의 케이스를 활용하는 것을 추천한다(Witt et al.

후속연구

국내에서도 현장노출시간을 단축시키는 다양한 방법들을 활용해 수동형채집기를 해양환경에 적용하게 된다면, 현재 분석법으로 측정하기 어려운 초저농도의 해수 및 충분한 시료확보가 어려운 퇴적물 공극수에서의 자유용존상 농도를 파악할 수 있다. 또한 퇴적물 환경관리를 위한 생물학적 영향 평가에 보다 정확한 화학 정보를 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

질의응답

핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	수동형채집기의 장점은?	1990년대 이후부터 위와 같은 복잡한 절차를 줄이고 보다 정확한 생물학적 영향을 파악하기 위해 자유용존상 농도 측정법 개발의 필요성이 제기되었고, 이를 위해 수동형채집기(passive sampler)가 고안되었다. 수동형채집기란 생물의 지방과 유사한 유기 물질이 분배평형 원리에 따라 유기오염물질을 흡수하는 성질을 이용한 생체모방형 장치로서, 용존유기탄소와 같은 거대분자는 흡수하지 않고 생물이 실제로 이용할 수 있는 자유용존상 유기오염물질만을 흡수한다. 따라서 회수되어진 수동형채집기로부터의 자유용존상 농도 측정은 기존의 분석법과 달리 화학분석이 용이하며, 낮은 검출한계로 인해 pg/L 수준의 매우 낮은 농도까지 검출이 가능하다(Mayer et al.
	수동형채집기란 무엇인가?	1990년대 이후부터 위와 같은 복잡한 절차를 줄이고 보다 정확한 생물학적 영향을 파악하기 위해 자유용존상 농도 측정법 개발의 필요성이 제기되었고, 이를 위해 수동형채집기(passive sampler)가 고안되었다. 수동형채집기란 생물의 지방과 유사한 유기 물질이 분배평형 원리에 따라 유기오염물질을 흡수하는 성질을 이용한 생체모방형 장치로서, 용존유기탄소와 같은 거대분자는 흡수하지 않고 생물이 실제로 이용할 수 있는 자유용존상 유기오염물질만을 흡수한다. 따라서 회수되어진 수동형채집기로부터의 자유용존상 농도 측정은 기존의 분석법과 달리 화학분석이 용이하며, 낮은 검출한계로 인해 pg/L 수준의 매우 낮은 농도까지 검출이 가능하다(Mayer et al.
	수동형채집기의 한계점은?	수동형채집기는 해수나 퇴적물 내 공극수에서의 자유용존상 농도를 쉽고 보다 정확히 예측할 수 있는 유망한 방법 중 하나이다. 그러나 현장노출시 긴 평형도달 시간으로 생물부착의 생성, 분석대상물질의 흡수가 저해되는 한계점이 있다. 수동형채집기의 현장노출시간을 단축하기 위한 방법으로 실행보정물질을 이용해 평형상태에서의 자유용존상 농도를 예측하는 방법이 가장 보편화되어 있으며, 해수의 경우 수동형채집기 표면에 난류를 형성시키거나 해류 흐름과 수평하게 설치함으로써 오염물질의 흡수속도를 증가시킬 수 있다.

참고문헌 (100)

Accardi-Dey, A.M. and P.M. Gschwend, 2002. Assessing the combined roles of natural organic matter and black carbon as sorbents in sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36: 21-29.

상세보기
Adams, R.G., R. Lohmann, L.A. Fernandez, J.K. MacFarlane and P.M. Gschwend, 2007. Polyethylene Devices: Passive samplers for measuring dissolved hydrophobic organic compounds in aquatic environments. Environ. Sci. Technol., 41: 1317-1323.

상세보기
Ahrens, L., A. Daneshvar, A.E. Lau and J. Kreuger, 2015. Characterization of five passive sampling devices for monitoring of pesticides in water. J. Chromatogr. A., 1405: 1-11.

상세보기
Allan, I.J., H.C. Nilsson, I. Tjensvoll, C. Bradshaw and K. Naes, 2011. Mobile passive samplers: Concept for a novel mode of exposure. Environ. Pollut., 159: 2393-2397.

상세보기
Allan, I.J., A. Ruus, M.T. Schaanning, K.J. Macrae and K. Naes, 2012. Measuring nonpolar organic contaminant partitioning in three Norwegian sediments using polyethylene passive samplers. Sci. Total Environ., 423: 125-131.

상세보기
Allan, I.J., C. Harman, S.B. Ranneklev, K.V. Thomas and M. Grung, 2013. Passive sampling for target and nontarget analyses of moderately polar and nonpolar substances in water. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 32: 1718-1726.

상세보기
An, J.G., W.J. Shim, S.Y. Ha and U.H. Kim, 2014. Determination of petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J. Korean Soc. Mar. Environ. Energy, 17: 27-35.

원문보기 상세보기
Anderson, K.A., D. Sethajintanin, G. Sower and L. Quarles, 2008. Field trial and modeling of uptake rates of in situ lipid-free polyethylene membrane passive sampler. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42: 4486-4493.

상세보기
Apell, J.N. and P.M. Gschwend, 2014. Validating the Use of Performance Reference Compounds in Passive Samplers to Assess Porewater Concentrations in Sediment Beds. Environ. Sci. Technol., 48: 10301-10307.

상세보기
Apell, J.N., A.P. Tcaciuc and P.M. Gschwend, 2016a. Understanding the rates of nonpolar organic chemical accumulation into passive samplers deployed in the environment: Guidance for passive sampler deployments. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag., 12: 486-492.

상세보기
Apell, J.N. and P.M. Gschwend, 2016b. In situ passive sampling of sediments in the Lower Duwamish Waterway Superfund site: Replicability, comparison with ex situ measurements, and use of data. Environ. Pollut., 218: 95-101.

상세보기
Bao, L.J., S.P. Xu, Y. Liang and E.Y. Zeng, 2012. Development of a low-density polyethylene-containing passive sampler for measuring dissolved hydrophobic organic compounds in open waters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 31: 1012-1018.

상세보기
Bao, L.J. and E.Y. Zeng, 2014. Field application of passive sampling techniques for sensing hydrophobic organic contaminants. Trends Environ. Anal. Chem., 1: 19-24.

상세보기
Booij, K., F. Smedes and E.M. Van Weerle, 2002a. Spiking of performance reference compounds in low density polyethylene and silicone passive water samplers. Chemosphere, 46: 1157-1161.

상세보기
Booij, K., B.N. Zegers and J.P. Boon, 2002b. Levels of some polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants along the Dutch coast as derived from their accmulation in SPMDs and blue mussels. Chemosphere, 46: 683-688.

상세보기
Booij, K., H.E. Hofmans, C.V. Fischer and E.M. Van Weerlee, 2003. Temperature-dependent uptake rate of nonpolar organic compounds by semipermeable membrane devices and low-density polyethylene membranes. Environ. Sci. Technol., 37: 361-366.

상세보기
Booij, K., R. van Bommel, K.C. Jones and J.L. Barber, 2007. Air-water distribution of hexachlorobenzene and 4,4′ -DDE along a North-South Atlantic transect. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 54: 814-819.

상세보기
Booij, K., C.D. Robinson, R.M. Burgess, P. Mayer, C.A. Roberts, L. Ahrens, I.J. Allan, J. Brant, L. Jones, U.R. Kraus, M.M. Larsen, P. Lepom, J. Petersen, D. Profrock, P. Roose, S. Schafer, F. Smedes, C. Tixier, K. Vorkamp and P. Whitehouse, 2016. Passive sampling in regulatory chemical monitoring of nonpolar organic compounds in the aquatic environment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 50: 3-17.

상세보기
Borrelli, R., A.P. Tcaciuc, I. Verginelli, R. Baciocchi, L. Guzzella, P. Cesti, L. Zaninetta and P.M. Gschwend, 2018. Performance of passive sampling with low-density polyethylene membranes for the estimation of freely dissolved DDx concentrations in lake environments. Chemosphere, 200: 227-236.

상세보기
Choi S.D, S.Y. Beak and Y.S. Chang, 2009. Passive air sampling of persistent organic pollutants in Korea. Toxicol. Environ. Health. Sci. 1: 75-82.

상세보기
Cornelissen, G., K. Wiberg, D. Broman, H.P.H. Arp, Y. Persson, K. Sundqvist and P. Jonsson, 2008a. Freely dissolved concentrations and sediment-water activity ratios of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the open Baltic Sea. Environ. Sci. Technol., 42: 8733-8739.

상세보기
Cornelissen, G., A. Pettersen, D. Broman, P. Mayer and G.D. Breedveld, 2008b. Field testing of equilibrium passive samplers to determine freely dissolved native polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 27: 499-508.

상세보기
Cornelissen, G., G. Okkenhaug, G.D. Breedveld and J.E. Sorlie, 2009. Transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in a landfill: A novel equilibrium passive sampler to determine free and total dissolved concentrations in leachate water. J. Hydrol., 369: 253-259.

상세보기
Di Toro, D.M., C.S. Zarba, D.J. Hansen, W.J. Berry, R.C. Swartz, C.E. Cowan, S.P. Pavlou, H.E. Allen, N.A. Thomas and P.R. Paquin, 1991. Technical basis for establishing sediment quality criteria for nonionic organic chemicals using equilibrium partitioning. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 10: 1541-1583.

상세보기
Endo, S., Y. Yabuki and S. Tanaka, 2017. Comparing polyethylene and polyoxymethylene passive samplers for measuring sediment porewater concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls: Mutual validation and possible correction by polymer-polymer partition experiment. Chemosphere, 184: 358-365.

상세보기
Fernandez, L.A., W. Lao, K.A. Maruya, C. White and R.M. Burgess, 2012. Passive sampling to measure baseline dissolved persistent organic pollutant concentrations in the water column of the Palos Verdes Shelf Superfund site. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46: 11937-11947.

상세보기
Fernandez, L.A., W. Lao, K.A. Maruya and R.M. Burgess, 2014. Calculating the diffusive flux of persistent organic pollutants between sediments and the water column on the Palos Verdes Shelf Superfund Site using polymeric passive samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol., 48: 3925-3934

상세보기
Ghosh, U., S.K. Driscoll, R.M. Burgess, M.T.O. Jonker, D. Reible, F. Gobas, Y. Choi, S.E. Apitz, K.A. Maruya, W.R. Gala, M. Mortimer and C. Beegan, 2014. Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: practical guidance for selection, calibration, and implementation. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag., 10: 210-223.

상세보기
Gschwend, P.M., J.K. MacFarlane, D.D. Relble, X. Lu, S.B. Hawthorne, D.V. Nakles and T. Thompson, 2011. Comparison of polymeric samplers for accurately assessing PCBs in pore waters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 30: 1288-1296.

상세보기
Gustafsson, O., F. Haghseta, C. Chan, J. MacFarlane and P.M. Gschwend, 1996. Quantification of the dilute sedimentary soot phase: implications for PAH speciation and bioavailability. Environ. Sci. Technol., 31: 203-209.
Hawthorne, S.B., M.T.O. Jonker, S.A. van der Heijden, C.B. Grabanski, N.A. Azzolina and D.J. Miller, 2011. Measuring picogram per liter concentrations of freely dissolved parent and alkyl PAHs (PAH-34), using passive sampling with polyoxymethylene. Anal. Chem., 83: 6754-6761.

상세보기
Heo, J. and G. Lee, 2014. Field-measured uptake rates of PCDDs/Fs and dl-PCBs using PUF-disk passive air samplers in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. Sci. Total Environ., 491-492: 42-50.

상세보기
Huckins, J.N., M.W. Tubergen and G.K. Manuweera, 1990. Semipermeable membrane devices containing model lipid: A new approach to monitoring the bioavailability of lipophilic contaminants and estimating their bioconcentration potential. Chemosphere, 20: 533-552.

상세보기
Huckins, J.N., J.D. Petty, C.E. Orazio, J.A. Lebo, R.C. Clark, V.L. Gibson, W.R. Gala and K.R. Echols, 1999. Determination of uptake kinetics (sampling rates) by lipid-containing semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water. Environ. Sci. Technol., 33: 3918-3923.

상세보기
Huckins, J.N., J.D. Petty, J.A. Lebo, F.V. Almeida, K. Booij, D.A. Alvarez, W.L. Cranor, R.C. Clark and B.B. Mogensen, 2002. Development of the permeability/performance reference compound approach for in situ calibration of semipermeable membreane devices. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36: 85-91.

상세보기
Huckins, J.N., J.D. Petty and K. Booij, 2006. Monitors of organic chemicals in the environment. In: Semipermeable membrane devices. Springer, New York.
ITRC (Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council), 2011. Incorporating bioavailability considerations into the evaluation of contaminated sediment sites, 162 pp.
Jahnke, A., P. Mayer and M.S. McLachlan, 2012. Sensitive equilibrium sampling to study polychlorinated biphenyl disposition in Baltic Sea sediment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46: 10114-10122.

상세보기
Jalalizadeh, M. and U. Ghosh, 2016. In situ passive sampling of sediment porewater enhanced by periodic vibration. Environ. Sci. Technol., 50: 8741-8749.

상세보기
Jonker, M.T.O. and A.A. Koelmans, 2001. Polyoxymethylene solid phase extraction as a partitioning method for hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediment and soot. Environ. Sci. Technol., 35: 3742-3748.

상세보기
Jonker, M.T.O. and A.A. Koelmans, 2002. Extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from soot and sediment: Solvent evaluation and implications for sorption mechanism. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36: 4107-4113.

상세보기
Jonker, M.T.O., S.A. van der Heijden, M. Kotte and F. Smedes, 2015. Quantifying the effects of temperature and salinity on partitioning of hydrophobic organic chemicals to silicone rubber passive samplers. Environ. Sci. Technol., 49: 6791-6799.

상세보기
Jonker, M.T.O., S.A. van der Heijden, D. Adelman, J.N. Apell, R.M. Burgess, Y. Choi, L.A. Fernandez, G.M. Flavetta, U. Ghosh, P.M. Gschwend, S.E. Hale, M. Jalalizadeh, M. Khairy, M.A. Lampi, W. Lao, R. Lohmann, M.J. Lydy, K.A. Maruya, S.A. Nutile, A.M.P. Oen, M.I. Rakowska, D. Reible, T.P. Rusina, F. Smedes and Y. Wu, 2018. Advancing the use of passive sampling in risk assessment and management of sediments contaminated with hydrophobic organic chemicals: Results of an international ex situ passive sampling interlaboratory comparison. Environ. Sci. Technol., 52: 3574-3582.

상세보기
Joyce, A.S., M.S. Pirogovsky, R.G. Adams, W. Lao, D. Tsukada, C.L. Cash, J.F. Haw and K.A. Maruya, 2015. Using performance reference compound-corrected polyethylene passive samplers and caged bivalves to measure hydrophobic contaminants of concern in urban coastal seawaters. Chemosphere, 127: 10-17.

상세보기
Kim, U.J., H.Y. Kim, D. Alvarez, I.S. Lee and J.E. Oh, 2014. Using SPMDs for monitoring hydrophobic organic compounds in urban river water in Korea compared with using conventional water grab samples. Sci. Total Environ., 470-471: 1537-1544.

상세보기
Kim, U.J., C.D. Seo, T.H. Im and J.E. Oh, 2015. Application assessment of passive sampling to monitor polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water environment as alternative sampling method for grab sampling. J. Korean Soc. Environ. Eng., 37: 45-51.

원문보기 상세보기
Kim, S.J., H.O. Kwon, M.I. Lee, Y. Seo and S.D. Choi, 2019. Spatial and temporal variations of volatile organic compounds using passive air samplers in the multi-industrial city of Ulsan, Korea. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 26: 5831-5841.

상세보기
Lao, W., Y. Hong, D. Tsukada, K.A. Maruya and J. Gan, 2016. A new film-based passive sampler for moderately hydrophobic organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol., 50: 13470-13476.

상세보기
Lao, W., K.A. Maruya and D. Tsukada, 2019. An exponential model based new approach for correcting aqueous concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals measured by polyethylene passive samplers. Sci. Total Environ., 646: 11-18.

상세보기
Lefkovitz, L., E. Crecelius and N. McElroy, 1996. Poster presented at the 17th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17-21 November, Washington. DC, USA.
Liu, H.H., L.J. Bao, K. Zhang, S.P. Xu, F.C. Wu and E.Y. Zeng, 2013. Novel passive sampling device for measuring sediment-water diffusion fluxes of hydrophobic organic chemicals. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47: 9866-9873.

상세보기
Liu, H.H., L.J. Bao and E.Y. Zeng, 2014. Recent advances in the field measurement of the diffusion flux of hydrophobic organic chemicals at the sediment-water interface. Trends Anal. Chem., 54: 56-64.

상세보기
Lohmann, R., J.K. Macfarlane and P.M. Gschwend, 2005. Importance of black carbon to sorption of native PAHs, PCBs, and PCDDs in Boston and New York harbor sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol., 39: 141-148.

상세보기
Lohmann, R., 2012. Critical review of low-density polyethylene's partitioning and diffusion coefficients for trace organic contaminants and implications for its use as a passive sampler. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46: 606-618.

상세보기
Lohmann, R., K. Booij, F. Smedes and B. Vrana, 2012a. Use of passive sampling devices for monitoring and compliance checking of POP concentrations in water. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 19: 1885-1895.

상세보기
Lohmann, R., J. Klanova, P. Kukucka, S. Yonis and K. Bollinger, 2012b. PCBs and OCPs on a West-to-East transect: The importance of major current and net volatilization for PCBs in the Atlantic Ocean. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46: 10471-10479.

상세보기
Lu, X., A. Skwarski, B. Drake and D.D. Reible, 2011. Predicting bioavailability of PAHs and PCBs with porewater concentrations measured by solid-phase microextraction fibers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 30: 1109-1116.

상세보기
Martin, A., C. Margoum, J. Randon and M. Coquery, 2016. Silicone rubber selection for passive sampling of pesticides in water. Talanta, 160: 306-313.

상세보기
Martinez, A., C. O'Sullivan, D. Reible and K.C. Hornbuckle, 2013. Sediment pore water distribution coefficients of PCB congeners in enriched black carbon sediment. Environ. Pollut., 182: 357-363.

상세보기
Maruya, K.A., W. Lao, D. Tsukada and D.W. Diehl, 2015. A passive sampler based on solid phase microextraction (SPME) for sediment-associated organic pollutants: Comparing freely-dissolved concentration with bioaccumulation. Chemosphere, 137: 192-197.

상세보기
Mayer, P., W.H.J. Vaes, F. Wijnker, K.C.H.M. Legierse, R.H. Kraaij, J. Tolls and J.L.M. Hermens, 2000. Sensing dissolved sediment porewater concentrations of persistent and bioaccumulative pollutants using disposable solid-phase microextraction fibers. Environ. Sci. Technol., 34: 5177-5183.

상세보기
Mayer, P., T.F. Parkerton, R.G. Adams, J.G. Cargill, J. Gan, T. Gouin, P.M. Gschwend, S.B. Hawthorne, P. Helm, G. Witt, J. You and B.I. Escher, 2014. Passive sampling in contaminated sediment assessment: Scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag., 10: 197-209.

상세보기
McDonough, K.M., N.A. Azzolina, S.B. Hawthorne, D.V. Nakles and E.F. Neuhauser, 2010. An evaluation of the ability of chemical measurements to predict polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated sediment toxicity to Hyalella zateca. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 29: 1545-1550.

상세보기
McDonough, C.A., A.O. De Silva, C. Sun, A. Cabrerizo, D. Adelman, T. Soltwedel, E. Bauerfeind, D.C.G. Muir and R. Lohmann, 2018. Dissolved organophosphate esters and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in remote marine environments: arctic surface water distributions and net transport through fram strait. Environ. Sci. Technol., 52: 6208-6216.

상세보기
Miege, C., N. Mazzella, I. Allan, V. Dulio, F. Smedes, C. Tixier, E. Vermeirssen, J. Brant, S. O'Toole, H. Budzinski, J.P. Ghestem, P.F. Staub, S. Lardy-Fontan, J.L. Gonzalez, M. Coquery and B. Vrana. 2015. Position paper on passive sampling techniques for the monitoring of contaminants in the aquatic environment-Achievements to date and perspectives. Trends Environ. Anal. Chem., 8: 20-26.

상세보기
Mills, G.A., G.R. Fones, K. Booij and R. Greenwood, 2011. Passive sampling technologies. In Chemical Marine Monitoring: Policy Framework and Analytical Trends; Quevauviller, P., Roose, P., Verreet, G., Eds.; John Wiley and Sons: Chichester. 397-432 pp.
Monteyne, E., P. Roose and C.R. Janssen, 2013. Application of a silicone rubber passive sampling technique for monitoring PAHs and PCBs at three Belgian coastal harbours. Chemosphere, 91: 390-398.

상세보기
Moschet, C., E.L.M. Vermeirssen, R. Seiz, H. Pfefferli and J. Hollender, 2014. Picogram per liter detections of pyrethroids and organophosphates in surface waters using passive sampling. Water Res., 66: 411-422.

상세보기
Muijs, B. and M.T.O. Jonker, 2012. Does equilibrium passive sampling reflect actual in situ bioaccumulation of PAHs and petroleum hydrocarbon mixtures in aquatic worms? Environ. Sci. Technol., 46: 937-944.

상세보기
Muller, J.F., K. Manomanii, M.R. Mortimer and M.S. McLachlan, 2001. Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the polyethylene/water system. Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 371: 816-822.

상세보기
NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/technology/tools/spmds/spmds.html, Semipermeable Membrane Devices.
Ossiander, L., F. Reichenberg, M.S. McLachlan and P. Mayer, 2008. Immersed solid phase microextraction to measure chemical activity of lipophilic organic contaminants in fatty tissue samples. Chemosphere, 71: 1502-1510.

상세보기
Perron, M.M., R.M. Burgess, E.M. Suuberg, M.G. Cantwell and K.G. Pennell, 2013a. Performance of passive samplers for monitoring estuarine water column concentrations: 1. Contaminants of concern. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 32: 2182-2189.

상세보기
Perron, M.M., R.M. Burgess, E.M. Suuberg, M.G. Cantwell and K.G. Pennell, 2013b. Performance of passive samplers for monitoring estuarine water column concentrations: 2. Emerging contaminants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 32: 2190-2196.

상세보기
Pintado-Herrera, M.G., P.A. Lara-Martin, E. Gonzalez-Mazo and I.J. Allan, 2016. Determination of silicone rubber and low-density polyethylene diffusion and polymer/water partition coefficients for emerging contaminants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 35: 2162-2172.

상세보기
Prest, H.F., L.A. Jacobson, J.N. Huckins, 1995. Passive sampling of water and coastal air via semipermeable membrane devices. Chemosphere, 30: 1351-1361.

상세보기
Prest, H.F., W.M. Jarman, S.A. Burns, T. Weismuller, M. Martin and J.N. Huckins, 1992. Passive water sampling via semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) in concert with bivalves in the Sacramento/San Joaquin river delta. Chemosphere, 25: 1811-1823.

상세보기
Prokes, R., B. Vrana and J. Klanova, 2012. Levels and distribution of dissolved hydrophobic organic contaminants in the Morava river in Zlin district, Czech Republic as derived from their accumulation in silicone rubber passive samplers. Environ. Pollut., 166: 157-166.

상세보기
Qin, Z., L. Bragg, G. Ouyang, V.H. Niri and J. Pawliszyn, 2009. Solid-phase microextraction under controlled agitation conditions for rapid on-site sampling of organic pollutants in water, J. Chromatogr. A., 1216: 6979-6985.

상세보기
Rantalainen, A.L., W.J. Cretney and M.G. Ikonomou, 2000. Uptake rates of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) for PCDDs, PCDFs and PCBs in water and sediment. Chemosphere, 40: 147-158.

상세보기
Reitsma, P.J., D. Adelman and R. Lohmann, 2013. Challenges of using polyethylene passive samplers to determine dissolved concentrations of parent and alkylated PAHs under cold and saline conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47: 10429-10437.

상세보기
Richardson, B.J., P.K.S. Lam, G.J. Zheng, K.E. McClellan and S.B. De Luca-Abbott, 2002. Biofouling confounds the uptake of trace organic contaminants by semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Mar. Pollut. Bull., 44: 1372-1379.

상세보기
Rusina, T.P., F. Smedes, M. Koblizkova and J. Klanova, 2010. Calibration of silicone rubber passive samplers: experimental and modeled relations between sampling rate and compound properties. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44: 362-367.

상세보기
Sacks, V.P. and R. Lohmann, 2012. Freely dissolved PBDEs in water and porewater of an urban estuary. Environ. Pollut., 162: 287-293.

상세보기
Smedes, F., 1994. Sampling and partition of neutral organic contaminants in surface waters with regard to legislation, environmental quality and flux estimations. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem., 57: 215-29.

상세보기
Smedes, F., 2007. Monitoring of chlorinated biphenyls and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by passive sampling in concert with deployed mussels. In passive sampling techniques in environmental monitoring, Ch. 19. Ed. by R. Greenwood, R., Mills, G.A., Vrana, B., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), 2001. Final act of the plenipotentiaries on the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants; United Nations Environment Program Chemicals.
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), 2004. Guidance for a global monitoring programme for persistent organic pollutants, 1st ed.; United nations environment programme chemicals.
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2012. Guidelines for using passive samplers to monitor organic contaminants at superfund sediment sites, 32 pp.
USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), 2017. Laboratory, field, and analytical procedures for using passive sampling in the evaluation of contaminated sediments: User's manual, 153 pp.
van der Wal, L., T. Jager, R.H.L.J. Fleuren, A. Barendregt, T.L. Sinnige, C.A.M. van Gestel and J.L.M. Hermens, 2004. Solid-phase microextraction to predict bioavailability and accumulation of organic micropollutants in terrestrial organisms after exposure to a field-contaminated soil. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38: 4842-4848.

상세보기
Vrana, B. and G. Schuurmann, 2002. Calibrationg the uptake kinetics of semipermeable membrane devices in water: Impact of hydrodynamics. Environ. Sci. Technol., 36: 290-296.

상세보기
Vrana, B., I.j. Allan, R. Greenwood, G.A. Mills, E. Dominiak, K. Svensson, J. Knutsson and G. Morrison, 2005. Passive sampling techniques for monitoring pollutants in water. Trends Anal. Chem., 24: 845-868.

상세보기
Vrana, B., F. Smedes, T. Rusina, K. Okonski, I. Allan, M. Grung, K. Hilscherova, J. Novak, P. Tarabek and J. Slobodnik, 2015. 29 passive sampling: chemical analysis and toxicological profiling. 304-315 pp.
Witt, G., S.C. Lang, D. Ulmann, G. Schaffrath, D. Schulz-Bull and P. Mayer, 2013. Passive equilibrium sampler for in situ measurements of freely dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol., 47: 7830-7839.

상세보기
Xu, C., J. Wang, J. Richards, T. Xu, W. Liu and J. Gan, 2018. Development of film-based passive samplers for in situ monitoring of trace levels of pyrethroids in sediment. Environ. Pollut., 242: 1684-1692.

상세보기
Yates, K., P. Pollard, L. Davies, L. Webster and C. Moffat, 2013. Silicone rubber passive samplers for measuring pore water and exchangeable concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in sediments. Sci. Total Environ., 463-464: 988-996.

상세보기
You, J., P.F. Landrum and M.J. Lydy, 2006. Comparison of chemical approaches for assessing bioavailability of sediment-associated contaminants. Environ. Sci. Technol., 40: 6348-6353.

상세보기
Zeng, E.Y., D. Tsukada and D.W. Diehl, 2004. Development of a solid-phase microextraction-based method for sampling of persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons in an urbanized coastal environment. Environ. Sci. Technol., 38: 5737-5743.

상세보기
Zhang, X., K.D. Oakes, S. Cui, L. Bragg, M.R. Servos and J. Pawliszyn, 2010. Tissue-specific in vivo bioconcentration of pharmaceuticals in rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) using space-resolved solid-phase microextraction. Environ. Sci. Technol., 44: 3417-3422.

상세보기

저자의 다른 논문 :

LOADING...

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증