Barkhordari, Amir
(School of Health, Safety and Environment, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences)
,
Malmir, Behnam
(Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia)
,
Malakoutikhah, Mahdi
(Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences)
Background: Workforce health is one of the primary and most challenging issues, particularly in industrialized countries. This article aims at modeling the major factors affecting accidents in the workplace, including general health, work-family conflict, effort-reward imbalance, and internal and ex...
Background: Workforce health is one of the primary and most challenging issues, particularly in industrialized countries. This article aims at modeling the major factors affecting accidents in the workplace, including general health, work-family conflict, effort-reward imbalance, and internal and external locus of control. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Esfahan Steel Company in Iran. A total of 450 participants were divided into two groups-control and case-and the questionnaires were distributed among them. Data were collected through a 7-part questionnaire. Finally, the results were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and Amos software. Results: All the studied variables had a significant relationship with the accident proneness. In the case group, general health with a coefficient of -0.37, worke-family conflict with 0.10, effort-reward imbalance with 0.10, internal locus of control with -0.07, and external locus of control with 0.40 had a direct effect on occupational stress. Occupational stress also had a positive direct effect on accident proneness with a coefficient of 0.47. In addition, fitness indices of control group showed general health (-0.35), worke-family conflict (0.36), effort-reward imbalance (0.13), internal locus of control (-0.15), and external locus of control (0.12) have a direct effect on occupational stress. Besides, occupational stress with a coefficient of 0.09 had a direct effect on accident proneness. Conclusion: It can be concluded that although previous studies and the present study showed the effect of stress on accident and accident proneness, some hidden and external factors such as work-family conflict, effort-reward imbalance, and external locus of control that affect stress should also be considered. It helps industries face less occupational stress and, consequently, less occurrence rates of accidents.
Background: Workforce health is one of the primary and most challenging issues, particularly in industrialized countries. This article aims at modeling the major factors affecting accidents in the workplace, including general health, work-family conflict, effort-reward imbalance, and internal and external locus of control. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Esfahan Steel Company in Iran. A total of 450 participants were divided into two groups-control and case-and the questionnaires were distributed among them. Data were collected through a 7-part questionnaire. Finally, the results were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 and Amos software. Results: All the studied variables had a significant relationship with the accident proneness. In the case group, general health with a coefficient of -0.37, worke-family conflict with 0.10, effort-reward imbalance with 0.10, internal locus of control with -0.07, and external locus of control with 0.40 had a direct effect on occupational stress. Occupational stress also had a positive direct effect on accident proneness with a coefficient of 0.47. In addition, fitness indices of control group showed general health (-0.35), worke-family conflict (0.36), effort-reward imbalance (0.13), internal locus of control (-0.15), and external locus of control (0.12) have a direct effect on occupational stress. Besides, occupational stress with a coefficient of 0.09 had a direct effect on accident proneness. Conclusion: It can be concluded that although previous studies and the present study showed the effect of stress on accident and accident proneness, some hidden and external factors such as work-family conflict, effort-reward imbalance, and external locus of control that affect stress should also be considered. It helps industries face less occupational stress and, consequently, less occurrence rates of accidents.
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문제 정의
The purpose of this study is to model the factors that affect the accident in the workplace. The findings of this study demonstrated that there is a significant correlation among accident proneness and general health, work-family conflict, effort-reward imbalance, work locus of the control, and occupational stress in the case group.
However, to do so, some factors such as work-family conflict, effort-reward imbalance, and external locus of control should be taken into account by educating individuals and creating a balanced environment with defined responsibilities. This article demonstrated that occupational stress can be reduced by increasing general health, training for accountability, and internal locus of control in individuals.
제안 방법
The questionnaires were distributed among all 450 participants of both the groups. All participants were men, and they received safety training. They were notified about the aims of the research and lack of disclosure before they completed the questionnaires.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in Esfahan Steel Company. Because the steel industry is composed of different parts and according to the statistics and severity of accidents recorded in the safety and health department, the rolling section was selected as the case study, and the accident statistics of the past 5 years were collected and analyzed. Based on the statistics of accidents recorded in years 2014-2018, 225 participants were selected as the case group.
Besides, the results of this study showed a significant and direct correlation between the work-reward imbalance and occupational stress in the case group, which confirms the third hypothesis. An explanation for this finding can be found in the study conducted by Rehman et al [32] who examined the relationship between effort-reward imbalance model and occupational stress, and they strongly supported the effort and reward theory through their findings.
Finally, using SPSS 22.0 software, statistical analysis of correlated variables was examined, and then, using Amos software, seven main parameters along with 139 questions related to six sections of work-family conflict, occupational stress, general health, effort-reward imbalance, work locus of control, and accident proneness were reviewed, and a corresponding model was presented. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was not significant in this study, which shows the normality of the data.
On the other hand, this association was found only between accident proneness and general health in the control group, and the relationship between these two variables is inverse. In addition, the analysis of the path showed that the goodness-of-fit indices in the case group were higher than the acceptable level, and the model was correctly matched. In addition, structural equations showed that the studied variables explain occupational stress up to 40% in the control group and 71% in the case group.
Therefore, the present study aims to model these factors (including general health, work-family conflict, effort-reward imbalance, and the internal and external locus of control), which according to the previous studies, influence individual acts and occurrence of the accident.
Hence, correlation between independent and dependent variables was calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient. To examine the fitness of the proposed model, three categories of absolute, comparative, and parsimonious fit indices were used.
대상 데이터
Because the steel industry is composed of different parts and according to the statistics and severity of accidents recorded in the safety and health department, the rolling section was selected as the case study, and the accident statistics of the past 5 years were collected and analyzed. Based on the statistics of accidents recorded in years 2014-2018, 225 participants were selected as the case group. To conduct analysis and statistical tests, 225 participants who had not experienced an accident during the past 5 years were randomly selected as the control group.
The inclusion criteria in the case group were the lack of mental illness, the lack of specific drug use, having at least 1 year of work experience in the company, and having an accident experience during the last 5 years, and the inclusion criteria in the control group were the lack of mental illness, the lack of specific drug use, having at least 1 year of experience in the job, and having no accident experience in the past 5 years. The questionnaires were distributed among all 450 participants of both the groups. All participants were men, and they received safety training.
Based on the statistics of accidents recorded in years 2014-2018, 225 participants were selected as the case group. To conduct analysis and statistical tests, 225 participants who had not experienced an accident during the past 5 years were randomly selected as the control group. The inclusion criteria in the case group were the lack of mental illness, the lack of specific drug use, having at least 1 year of work experience in the company, and having an accident experience during the last 5 years, and the inclusion criteria in the control group were the lack of mental illness, the lack of specific drug use, having at least 1 year of experience in the job, and having no accident experience in the past 5 years.
데이터처리
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was not significant in this study, which shows the normality of the data. Hence, correlation between independent and dependent variables was calculated using Pearson correlation coefficient. To examine the fitness of the proposed model, three categories of absolute, comparative, and parsimonious fit indices were used.
이론/모형
2. work-family conflict questionnaire: The work-family conflict questionnaire designed by Carlson et al [17] was used as the second part. This questionnaire considers all three conflict segments (time, pressure, and behavior) in two areas of work-to-family and family-to-work conflict.
4. General health questionnaire: This questionnaire is a screening tool developed by Goldberg [21] which was used in epidemiology studies of psychiatric disorders. This questionnaire has 28 questions in four subscales of physical symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social function, and depression.
In addition, Likert’s five-point scale (1 = completely disagree to 5 = completely agree) was used in this study [18].
성능/효과
6. Occupational stress questionnaire: This questionnaire was developed by Wooten et al [25] to measure employee perceptions of job stresses, which includes 15 questions and four subscales: performance, work density, organizational field, and decision-making, and it has six choices: “1 = absolutely disagree”, “2 = disagree”, “3 = somewhat disagree”, “4 = somewhat agree”, “5 = agree”, and “6 = absolutely agree”.
Furthermore, the results showed that in the control group, the effect of internal locus of control on occupational stress was negative and significant, and with the increase in internal locus of control, the amount of job stress decreased. The findings from the study conducted by Kirkcaldy et al [34] showed that there is a relationship between work locus of control and some outcomes such as stress and health.
The purpose of this study is to model the factors that affect the accident in the workplace. The findings of this study demonstrated that there is a significant correlation among accident proneness and general health, work-family conflict, effort-reward imbalance, work locus of the control, and occupational stress in the case group. In this way, accident proneness had an inverse relationship with general health and internal locus of control and correlated with the other variables.
To conduct analysis and statistical tests, 225 participants who had not experienced an accident during the past 5 years were randomly selected as the control group. The inclusion criteria in the case group were the lack of mental illness, the lack of specific drug use, having at least 1 year of work experience in the company, and having an accident experience during the last 5 years, and the inclusion criteria in the control group were the lack of mental illness, the lack of specific drug use, having at least 1 year of experience in the job, and having no accident experience in the past 5 years. The questionnaires were distributed among all 450 participants of both the groups.
The results of the test were consistent with the second hypothesis and showed that work-family conflict in both groups positively affects occupational stress, so that when work-family conflict increases, the level of occupational stress increases. Hammer et al [30] showed the relationship among psychosocial factors in the workplace and occupational stress.
An explanation for this finding can be found in the study conducted by Rehman et al [32] who examined the relationship between effort-reward imbalance model and occupational stress, and they strongly supported the effort and reward theory through their findings. The results of this study showed that a high percentage of employees had both occupational stress and job dissatisfaction, which were shown by high effort and low reward in their occupational life. Tsutsumi and Kawakami [33] have argued that occupational effort and reward have direct effects on occupational stress.
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