[논문]바이오 물질 분석을 위한 금속 나노입자를 이용한 SERS 분석 연구동향

장의순

doi:10.31613/ceramist.2019.22.3.06

[국내논문] 바이오 물질 분석을 위한 금속 나노입자를 이용한 SERS 분석 연구동향
A Review of SERS for Biomaterials Analysis Using Metal Nanoparticles 원문보기

세라미스트 = Ceramist, v.22 no.3, 2019년, pp.281 - 300

장의순 (금오공과대학교 응용화학과)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was first discovered in 1974 by an unexpected Raman signal increase from Pyridine adsorbed on rough Ag electrode surfaces by the M. Fleishmann group. M. Moskovits group suggested that this phenomenon could be caused by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which is a collective oscillation of free electrons at the surface of metal nanostructures by an external light source. After about 40 years, the SERS study has attracted great attention as a biomolecule analysis technology, and more than 2500 new papers and 500 review papers related to SERS topic have been published each year in recently. The advantages of biomaterials analysis using SERS are as follows; ① Molecular level analysis is possible based on unique fingerprint information of biomolecule, ② There is no photo-bleaching effect of the Raman reporters, allowing long-term monitoring of biomaterials compared to fluorescence microscopy, ③ SERS peak bandwidth is approximately 10 to 100 times narrower than fluorescence emission from organic phosphor or quantum dot, resulting in higher analysis accuracy, ④ Single excitation wavelength allows analysis of various biomaterials, ⑤ By utilizing near-infrared (NIR) SERS-activated nanostructures and NIR excitation lasers, auto-fluorescence noise in the visible wavelength range can be avoided from in vivo experiment and light damage in living cells can be minimized compared to visible lasers, ⑥ The weak Raman signal of the water molecule makes it easy to analyze biomaterials in aqueous solutions. For this reason, SERS is attracting attention as a next-generation non-invasive medical diagnostic device as well as substance analysis. In this review, the principles of SERS and various biomaterial analysis principles using SERS analysis will be introduced through recent research papers.

Keyword

질의응답

핵심어	질문	논문에서 추출한 답변
	라만 비탄성 산란을 통하여 무엇을 확인할 수 있는가?	23),24) 반대로 라만 활성 분자가 빛을 흡수하여 진동 에너지를 방출하면서 산란된 빛의 파장이 짧아지는 효과를 Anti-stokes 효과라 한다(그림 1).23),24) 라만 비탄성 산란을 통해 방출되는 에너지는 분자 구조와 밀접한 관계에 있으며 라만 활성 분자들 마다 진동모드의 고유한 지문 정보가 나타나기 때문에 이를 분석하면 분자구조를 확인할 수 있다.
	레일리 탄성 산란이란?	빛이 어떤 매질을 통과할 때, 빛의 일부는 산란되어 진행방향에서 벗어나 다른 방향으로 진행하는데 이때 원래의 에너지를 그대로 유지하면서 산란되는 과정을 레일리 탄성 산란(Rayleigh elastic scattering)이라 하고 에너지를 잃거나 얻으면서 산란되는 과정을 라만 비탄성 산란(Raman inelastic scattering)이라 한다.23),24) 라만 비탄성 산란에서 라만 활성 분자가 빛을 흡수하여 진동에너지 (Vibrational energy)가 증가되면 산란된 빛의 에너지가 감소하면서 파장이 길어지게 되는데 이를 Stokes 효과라 한다.
	(SERS) 현상의 발현 원인은?	Fleishmann 그룹에 의하여 거친 Ag 전극 표면에 흡착된 Pyridine으로부터 예상치 못했던 라만 신호 증가로 처음으로 발견되었다.1) 이러한 현상은 M. Moskovits등에 의하여 외부 광원에 의한 금속 나노구조체 표면에서 자유전자들의 집단 진동(Collective oscillations)인 Surface plasmon resonance(SPR)에 의해 기원할 수 있음이 제시 되었다.2-14) 이후 약 40년의 연구개발을 통해 SERS는 생체분자 분석기술로써 크게 주목받고 있다.

참고문헌 (87)

M. Fleischmann, P. J. Hendra, and A. J. McQuillan, "Raman spectra of pyridine adsorbed at a silver electrode," Chem. Phys. Lett., 26 [2] 163-166 (1974).

상세보기
M. Moskovits, "Surface roughness and the enhanced intensity of Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on metals," J. Chem. Phys., 69 [9] 4159-4161 (1978).

상세보기
M. Moskovits, "Surface-enhanced spectroscopy," Rev. Mod. Phys., 57 [3] 783-826 (1985).

상세보기
J. A. Creighton, C. G. Blatchford, and M. G. Albrecht, "Plasma resonance enhancement of Raman scattering by pyridine adsorbed on silver or gold sol particles of size comparable to the excitation wavelength" J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 2, 75, 790-798(1979).
Y. J. Chen, W. P. Chen, and E. Burstein, "Surface-electromagnetic-wave-enhanced Raman scattering by overlayers on metals", Phys. Rev. Lett., 36 [20], 1207-1210 (1976).

상세보기
R. Dornhaus, R. E. Benner, R. K. Chang, and I. Chabay, "Surface plasmon contribution to SERS", Surf. Sci., 101 [1-3], 367-373 (1980).
B. Pettinger, U. Wenning, and H. Wetzel, "Surface plasmon enhanced Raman scattering frequency and angular resonance of Raman scattered light from pyridine on Au, Ag and Cu electrodes", Surf. Sci., 101[1-3], 409-416 (1980).
J. C. Tsang, J. R. Kirtley, and T. N. Theis, "Surface plasmon polariton contributions to strokes emission from molecular monolayers on periodic Ag surfaces", Solid State Com., 35 [9], 667-670 (1980).
J. I. Gersten, "The effect of surface roughness on surface enhanced Raman scattering", J. Chem. Phys., 72 [10], 5779-5780 (1980).

상세보기
J. Gersten, and A. Nitzan, "Electromagnetic theory of enhanced Raman scattering by molecules adsorbed on rough surfaces", J. Chem. Phys., 73 [7], 3023-3037.
S. L. McCall, and P. M. Platzman, "Raman scattering from chemisorbed molecules at surfaces", Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 22 [4], 1660-1662.
M. Kerker, Acc. Chem. Res., "Electromagnetic model for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on metal colloids", 17 [8], 271-277 (1984).

상세보기
H. Metiu, and P. Das, "The electromagnetic theory of surface enhanced spectroscopy", Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 35, 507-536 (1984).

상세보기
G. C. Schatz, "Theoretical studies of surface enhanced Raman scattering", Acc. Chem. Res., 17 [10], 370-376 (1984).

상세보기
S. -Y. Ding, E. -M. You, Z. -Q. Tian, and M. Moskovits, "Electromagnetic theories of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy", Chem. Soc. Rev., 46, 4042-4076 (2017).

상세보기
K. Kneipp, Y. Wang, H. Kneipp, L. T. Perelman, I. Itzkan, R. R. Dasari, and M. S. Feld, "Single molecule detection using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)", Phys. Rev. Lett., 78 [9], 1667-1670 (1997).

상세보기
S. Nie, and S. R. Emory, "Probing single molecules and single nanoparticles by surface-enhanced Raman scattering", Science, 275 [5303], 1102-1106 (1997).

상세보기
D. S. Grubisha, R. J. Lipert,; H.-Y. Park, J. Driskell, and M. D. Porter, "Femtomolar detection of prostate-specific antigen: an immunoassay based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering and immunogold labels", Anal. Chem., 75 [21], 5936-5943 (2003).

상세보기
X. Li, S. Ye, and X. Luo, "Sensitive SERS detection of miRNA via enzyme-free DNA machine signal amplification" Chem. Com, 52 [67], 10269-10272 (2016).
C. Jiang, R. Liu, G. Han, and Z. Zhang, "A chemically reactive Raman probe for ultrasensitively monitoring and imaging the in vivo generation of femtomolar oxidative species as induced by antitumor drugs in living cells" Chem. Com., 49 [59], 6647-6649 (2013).
G. McNay, D. Eustace, W. E. Smith, K. Faulds, and D. Graham, "Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS): a review of applications", Appl. Spect., 65 [8], 825-837 (2011).
S. Schluecker, "Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: concepts and chemical applications", Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 53 [19], 4756-4795 (2014).
R. L. McCreery, "Raman spectroscopy for chemical analysis", Vol. 157, Ed. By J. D. Winefordner, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pub. Press., New York, NY, USA, 2000.
D. A. Long, "The Raman effect : a unified treatment of the theory of Raman scattering by molecules", John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pub. Press., New York, NY, USA, 2002.
D. Tuschel, "Raman thermometry", Spectroscopy, 31 [12], 8-13 (2016).
R. Meier, and B. Kip, "Determination of the local temperature at a sample during Raman experiments using stokes and anti-stokes Raman bands", Appl. Spect., 44 [4], 707-711 (1990).
R. Meier, and B. Kip, "Determination of the local temperature at a sample during Raman experiments using stokes and anti-stokes Raman bands", Appl. Spect., 44 [4], 707-711 (2000).
R. Aroca, "Surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopy", John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pub. Press., New York, NY, USA, 2006.
R. Pilot, R. Signorini, C. Durante, L. Orian, M. Bhamidipati, and L. Fabris, "A review on surface-enhanced Raman scattering" Biosensors, 9 [57], 1-99 (2019).
C. Zong, M. Xu, L. -J. Xu, T. Wei, X. Ma, X. -S. Zheng, R. Hu, and B. Ren, "Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for bioanalysis: reliability and challenges", Chem. Rev., 118 [10], 4946-4980 (2018).
R. Pilot, R. Signorini, and L. Fabris, "Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: principles, substrates, and applications" pp. 89-164 in Metal nanoparticles and clusters: Advances in synthesis, properties and applications, By F. L. Deepak Ed., Springer Press, Cham, Switzerland, 2018.
P. G. Etchegoin, and E. C. Le Ru, "A perspective on single molecule SERS: Current status and future challenges" Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 10 [40], 6079-6089(2008).

상세보기
K. C. Bantz, A. F. Meyer, N. J. Wittenberg, H. Im, O. Kurtulus, S. H. Lee, N. C. Lindquist, S. -H. Oh, and C. L. Haynes, "Recent progress in SERS biosensing" Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13 [24], 11551-11567 (2011).

상세보기
E. C. Le Ru, C. Galloway, P. G. Etchegoin, "On the connection between optical absorption/extinction and SERS enhancements", Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 8 [26], 3083-3087 (2006).

상세보기
A. Otto, "The "chemical" (electronic) contribution to surface-enhanced Raman scattering", J. Raman Spect., 36 [6-7], 497-509 (2005).
L. A. Dick, A. D. McFarland, C. L. Haynes, and R. P. Van Duyne, "Metal film over nanosphere (MFON) electrodes for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): Improvements in surface nanostructure stability and suppression of irreversible loss", J. Phys. Chem. B, 106 [4], 853-860 (2002).
J. R. Lombardi, and R. L. Birke, "A unified view of surface-enhanced Raman scattering", Acc. Chem. Res., 42, 734-742 (2009).

상세보기
S. -Y. Ding, J. Yi, J.-F. Li, B. Ren, D.-Y. Wu, R. Panneerselvam, and Z.-Q. Tian, "Nanostructure-based plasmon-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for surface analysis of materials", Nat. Rev. Mater., 1, 16021 (2016).

상세보기
E. C. Le Ru, and P. Etchegoin, "Principles of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy", Elsevier Sci. Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2009.
M. J. Mulvihill, X. Y. Ling, J. Henzie, and P. Yang, "Anisotropic etching of silver nanoparticles for plasmonic structures capable of single-particle SERS", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132 [1], 268-274 (2010).

상세보기
M. D. Sonntag, J. M. Klingsporn, A. B. Zrimsek, B. Sharma, L. K. Ruvuna, and R. P. Van Duyne, "Molecular plasmonics for nanoscale spectroscopy", Chem. Soc. Rev., 43 [4], 1230-1247 (2014).

상세보기
C. E. Talley, J. B. Jackson, C. Oubre, N. K. Grady, C. W. Hollars, S. M. Lane, T. R. Huser, P. Nordlander, and N. J. Halas, "Surface-enhanced Raman scattering from individual au nanoparticles and nanoparticle dimer substrates", Nano Lett., 5 [8], 1569-1574 (2005).

상세보기
J. M. McLellan, A. Siekkinen, J. Chen, and Y. Xia, "Comparison of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering on sharp and truncated silver nanocubes", Chem. Phys. Lett., 427 [1-3], 122-126 (2006).
B. J. Wiley, Y. Chen, J. M. McLellan, Y. Xiong, Z.-Y. Li, D. Ginger, and Y. Xia, "Synthesis and optical properties of silver nanobars and nanorice", Nano Lett., 7 [4], 1032-1036 (2007).

상세보기
J. Fang, S. Liu, and Z. Li, "Polyhedral silver mesocages for single particle surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based biosensor", Biomaterials, 32 [21], 4877-4884 (2011).

상세보기
M. Rycenga, M. H. Kim, P. H. C. Camargo, C. Cobley, Z. -Y. Li, and Y. Xia, "Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: Comparison of three different molecules on single-crystal nanocubes and nanospheres of silver", J. Phys. Chem. A, 113 [16], 3932-3939 (2009).

상세보기
J. -F. Li, Y. -J. Zhang, S. -Y. Ding, R. Panneerselvam, and Z. -Q. Tian, "Core-shell nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy", Chem. Rev., 117 [7], 5002-5069 (2017).
R. M. Stockle, Y. D. Suh, V. Deckert, and R. Zenobi, "Nanoscale chemical analysis by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy", Chem. Phys. Lett., 318 [1-3], 131-136 (2000).
M. S. Anderson, "Locally enhanced Raman spectroscopy with an atomic force microscope", Appl. Phys. Lett., 76 [21], 3130-3132 (2000).

상세보기
N. Hayazawa, Y. Inouye, Z. Sekkat and S. Kawata, "Metallized tip amplification of near-field Raman scattering", Opt. Commun., 183 [1-4], 333-336 (2000).
B. Pettinger, G. Picardi, R. Schuster and G. Ertl, "Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy: Towards single molecule spectroscopy", Electrochem., 68 [12], 942-949 (2000).
L. Meng, T. X. Huang, X. Wang, S. Chen, Z. Yang, and B. Ren, "Gold-coated AFM tips for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: theoretical calculation and experimental demonstration", Optics Express, 23 [11], 13804-13813 (2015).

상세보기
N. Kazemi-Zanjani, S. Vedraine, and F. Lagugne-Labarthet, "Localized enhancement of electric field in tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using radially and linearly polarized light", Optics Express, 21 [21], 25271-25276 (2013).

상세보기
J. F. Li, Y. F. Huang, Y. Ding, Z. L. Yang, S. B. Li, X. S. Zhou, F. R. Fan, W. Zhang, Z. Y. Zhou, D. Y. Wu, B. Ren, Z. L. Wang, and Z. Q. Tian, "Shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy", Nature, 464 [7287], 392-395 (2010).

상세보기
J. -F. Li, S. -Y. Ding, Z. -L. Yang, M. -L. Bai, J. R. Anema, X. Wang, A. Wang, D. -Y. Wu, B. Ren, S. -M. Hou, T. Wandlowski, and Z. -Q. Tian, "Extraordinary Enhancement of Raman Scattering from Pyridine on Single Crystal Au and Pt Electrodes by Shell-Isolated Au Nanoparticles", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133 [40], 15922-15925 (2011).

상세보기
Y. -F. Huang, C. -Y. Li, I. Broadwell, J. -F. Li, D. -Y. Wu, B. Ren, and Z. -Q. Tian, "Shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of pyridine on smooth silver electrodes", Electrochim. Acta, 56 [28], 10652-10657 (2011).

상세보기
S. -Y. Ding, J. Yi, J. -F. Li, and Z.-Q. Tian, "A theoretical and experimental approach to shellisolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of single-crystal electrodes", Surf. Sci., 631, 73-80 (2015).

상세보기
D. P. Butcher, S. P. Boulos, C. J. Murphy, R. C. Ambrosio, and A. A. Gewirth, "Face-dependent shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy of 2,2′-bipyridine on Au(100) and Au(111)", J. Phys. Chem. C, 116 [8], 5128-5140 (2012).

상세보기
N. R. Honesty, and A. A. Gewirth, "Shell-isolated nanoparticle enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) investigation of benzotriazole film formation on Cu(100), Cu(111), and Cu(poly)", J. Raman Spectrosc., 43 [1], 46-50 (2012).

상세보기
A. V. Rudnev, A. Kuzume, Y. Fu, and T. Wandlowski, "CO oxidation on Pt(100): New insights based on combined voltammetric, microscopic and spectroscopic experiments", Electrochim. Acta, 133, 132-145 (2014).

상세보기
C. -Y. Li, J. -C. Dong, X. Jin, S. Chen, R. Panneerselvam, A. V. Rudnev, Z.-L. Yang, J.-F. Li, T. Wandlowski, and Z.-Q. Tian, "In situ monitoring of electrooxidation processes at gold single crystal surfaces using shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 137 [24], 7648-7651 (2015).

상세보기
A. Bonifacio, S. Cervo, and V. Sergo, "Label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of biofluids: Fundamental aspects and diagnostic applications", Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 407 [27], 8265-8277 (2015).

상세보기
S. Ma, Q. Li, Y. Yin, J. Yang, and D. Liu, "Interference-free surface enhanced Raman scattering tags for single-cell molecular imaging with a high signal-to-background ratio", Small, 13 [15], 1603340 (2017).

상세보기
N. M. S. Sirimuthu, "Investigation of the stability of labelled nanoparticles for SE(R) RS measurements in cells" Chem. Com., 47 [14], 4099-4101 (2011).
Y. Yin, Q. Li, S. Ma, H. Liu, B. Dong, J. Yang, and D. Liu, "Prussian blue as a highly sensitive and background-free resonant Raman reporter", Anal. Chem., 89[], 1551-1557 (2017).

상세보기
K. V. Kong, Z. Lam, W. D. Goh, W. K. Leong, and M. Olivo, "Metal carbonyl-gold nanoparticle conjugates for live-cell SERS imaging", Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 51 [3], 9796-9799 (2012).
Z. -L. Song, Z. Chen, X. Bian, L. -Y. Zhou, D. Ding, H. Liang, Y. -X. Zou, S. -S. Wang, L. Chen, C. Yang, X. -B. Zhang, and W. Tan, "Alkynefunctionalized superstable graphitic silver nanoparticles for Raman imaging", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136 [39], 13558-13561 (2014).

상세보기
S. Habuchi, and J. Hofkens, "Single-molecule surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy of the enhanced green fluorescent protein EGFP", Surf. Enhanced Raman Scattering, 103, 297-312 (2006).
K. Singhal and A. K. Kalkan, "Surface-enhanced Raman scattering captures conformational changes of single photoactive yellow protein molecules under photoexcitation", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132 [2], 429-431 (2010).

상세보기
H. Xu, E. J. Bjerneld, M. Kall and L. Borjesson, "Spectroscopy of single hemoglobin molecules by surface enhanced Raman scattering", Phys. Rev. Lett., 83 [21], 4357-4360 (1999).

상세보기
X. X. Han, G. G. Huang, B. Zhao and Y. Ozaki, "Label-free highly sensitive detection of proteins in aqueous solutions using surface-enhanced Raman scattering", Anal. Chem., 81 [9], 3329-3333 (2009).

상세보기
I. Bruzas, W. Lum, Z. Gorunmez, and L. Sagle, "Advances in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates for lipid and protein characterization: sensing and beyond", Analyst, 143 [17], 3990-4008 (2018).

상세보기
A. Rygula, K. Majzner, K. M. Marzec, A. Kaczor, M. Pilarczyk, and M. Baranska, "Raman spectroscopy of proteins: a review", J. Raman Spect., 44 [8], 1061-1076 (2013).
K. Czamara, K. Majzner, M. Z. Pacia, K. Kochan, A. Kaczor, and M. Baranska, "Raman spectroscopy of lipids: a review", J. Raman Spect., 46 [1], 4-20 (2015).
T. Brule, H. Yockell-Lelievre, A. Bouhelier, J. Margueritat, L. Markey, A. Leray, A. Dereux, and E. Finot, "Spectral pointillism of enhanced Raman scattering for accessing structural and conformational information on single protein", J. Phys. Chem. C, 118 [1], 17975-17982 (2014).
T. Brule, A. Bouhelier, A. Dereux, and E. Finot, "Discrimination between single protein conformations using dynamic SERS", ACS Sens., 1 [6], 676-680 (2016).
L. -J. Xu, Z. -C. Lei, J. Li, C. Zong, C. J. Yang, and B. Ren, "Label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection of DNA with single-base sensitivity", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 137 [15], 5149-5154 (2015).

상세보기
L. -J. Xu, C. Zong, X. -S. Zheng, P. Hu, J. -M. Feng, and B. Ren, "Label-free detection of native proteins by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using iodide-modified nanoparticles", Anal. Chem., 86 [4], 2238-2245 (2014).

상세보기
L. Guerrini, Z. Krpetic, D. van Lierop, R. A. Alvarez-Puebla, and D. Graham, "Direct surface-enhanced Raman scattering analysis of DNA duplexes", Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 54 [4], 1144-1148 (2015).
E. Garcia-Rico, R. A. Alvarez-Puebla, and L. Guerrini, "Direct surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy of nucleic acids: from fundamental studies to real-life applications", Chem. Soc. Rev., 47 [13], 4909-4923, 2018.

상세보기
E. Papadopoulou, and S. E. J. Bell, "Label-free detection of nanomolar unmodified single- and double-stranded DNA by using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy on Ag and Au colloids", Chem. - Eur. J., 18 [17], 5394-5400 (2012).
Y. Yin, Q. Li, S. Ma, H. Liu, B. Dong, J. Yang, and D. Liu, "Prussian blue as a highly sensitive and background-free resonant Raman reporter", Anal. Chem., 89 [3], 1551-1557 (2017).

상세보기
Y. Chen, J. -Q. Ren, X. -G. Zhang, D. -Y. Wu, A. -G. Shen, and J. -M. Hu, "Alkyne-modulated surface-enhanced Raman scattering-palette for optical interference-free and multiplex cellular imaging", Anal. Chem., 88 [12], 6115-6119 (2016).

상세보기
D. Radziuk, R. Schuetz, A. Masic, and H. Moehwald, "Chemical imaging of live fibroblasts by SERS effective nanofilm", Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 16 [44], 24621-24634 (2014).

상세보기
J. Ando, K. Fujita, N. I. Smith, and S. Kawata, "Dynamic SERS imaging of cellular transport pathways with endocytosed gold nanoparticles", Nano Lett., 11 [12], 5344-5348 (2011).

상세보기
C. L. Zavaleta, B. R. Smith, I. Walton, W. Doering, G. Davis, B. Shojaei, M. J. Natan, and S. S. Gambhir, "Multiplexed imaging of surface enhanced Raman scattering nanotags in living mice using noninvasive Raman spectroscopy", PNAS, 106 [32], 13511-13516 (2009).

상세보기
Y. W. Wang, S. Kang, A. Khan, P. Q. Bao, and J. T. C. Liu, "In vivo multiplexed molecular imaging of esophageal cancer via spectral endoscopy of topically applied SERS nanoparticles", Biomed. Opt. Express, 6 [10], 3714-3723 (2015).

상세보기

활용도 분석정보

상세보기

다운로드

내보내기

활용도 Top5 논문

해당 논문의 주제분야에서 활용도가 높은 상위 5개 콘텐츠를 보여줍니다.
더보기 버튼을 클릭하시면 더 많은 관련자료를 살펴볼 수 있습니다.

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증