Lee, Su Jeong
(Chungnam Cultural Heritage Association)
,
Cho, Nam Chul
(Department of Cultural Heritage Conservation Science, Kongju University)
,
Kang, Byoung Sun
(Honam Cultural Property Research Center)
We characterized the smelting process and smelting furnace through scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and raman micro-spectroscopy with 13 relics including slags and furnace walls excavated from square-shaped buil...
We characterized the smelting process and smelting furnace through scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and raman micro-spectroscopy with 13 relics including slags and furnace walls excavated from square-shaped building sites and pits of the Three Kingdoms site at the Ungyo site section I. Our results revealed that the principal components were FeO and SiO2; and CuO, PbO, and ZnO were contained in small quantities. Furthermore, fayalite, magnetite, augite, copper, and cuprite were found. High contents of FeO or SiO2 components seem to have been added to form fayalite to remove gangue in the smelting process. The relatively low content of S detected in the copper prills suggests that roasting was performed well. Cristobalite and mullite, which are minerals that indicate high-temperature found in the furnace wall, show that the smelting temperature was higher than 1,250℃. The findings of this study show a high possibility that the Wanju Ungyo site is smelting remains of copper ores, which are nonferrous metals, rather than iron. Various smelting byproducts excavated in this area in the future will help us better understand the copper smelting process that may have been performed since ancient times.
We characterized the smelting process and smelting furnace through scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, and raman micro-spectroscopy with 13 relics including slags and furnace walls excavated from square-shaped building sites and pits of the Three Kingdoms site at the Ungyo site section I. Our results revealed that the principal components were FeO and SiO2; and CuO, PbO, and ZnO were contained in small quantities. Furthermore, fayalite, magnetite, augite, copper, and cuprite were found. High contents of FeO or SiO2 components seem to have been added to form fayalite to remove gangue in the smelting process. The relatively low content of S detected in the copper prills suggests that roasting was performed well. Cristobalite and mullite, which are minerals that indicate high-temperature found in the furnace wall, show that the smelting temperature was higher than 1,250℃. The findings of this study show a high possibility that the Wanju Ungyo site is smelting remains of copper ores, which are nonferrous metals, rather than iron. Various smelting byproducts excavated in this area in the future will help us better understand the copper smelting process that may have been performed since ancient times.
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제안 방법
, to examine the characteristics of the Wanju Ungyo site and the ancient smelting process, the microstructures, compounds, and chemical composition of 13 slags and furnace walls excavated in the Ungyo site were examined. In addition, raman micro-spectroscopy was performed to accurately identify the microstructure and to provide the basic data required to identify the copper smelting technique that was used.
Principal component analysis and compound analysis were not performed for Slag 9 because it was not possible to acquire sufficient quantity for analysis. The slags attached to the furnace wall[(Slag 12(2), Slag 13(2)] were separated from the walls(Furnace Wall 12, Furnace Wall 13) and compound analysis was performed.
Therefore, in this study1), to examine the characteristics of the Wanju Ungyo site and the ancient smelting process, the microstructures, compounds, and chemical composition of 13 slags and furnace walls excavated in the Ungyo site were examined. In addition, raman micro-spectroscopy was performed to accurately identify the microstructure and to provide the basic data required to identify the copper smelting technique that was used.
They were then analyzed using wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence Spectroscopy (WD-XRF)(S4 Pioneer, Bruker, DEU) and an X-ray diffraction system (XRD) (X’pertPRO MPD, Philips, NLD).
To examine the chemical composition of the analyzed sample, composition analysis was performed using WD-XRF (Table 2). The results revealed that the principal components are FeO and SiO2, and Al2O3, CaO, CuO, ZnO, and PbO are contained in small quantities.
대상 데이터
The Wanju Ungyo site is located at San-137, Yongheung-ri, Yongjin-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, and the altitude of the surface of the survey area is 25-40 m. The excavation survey discovered a variety of artifacts including an occupation layer of the Paleolithic age, a Songkukri-type dwelling and jar coffins of the Bronze age, pottery workshop facilities and tombs of the Three Kingdoms period, a stone chamber tomb of the Unified Silla period, and a tile kiln of the Joseon dynasty(Honam Cultural Property Research Center, 2013).
The Wanju Ungyo site is located at San-137, Yongheung-ri, Yongjin-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, and the altitude of the surface of the survey area is 25-40 m. The excavation survey discovered a variety of artifacts including an occupation layer of the Paleolithic age, a Songkukri-type dwelling and jar coffins of the Bronze age, pottery workshop facilities and tombs of the Three Kingdoms period, a stone chamber tomb of the Unified Silla period, and a tile kiln of the Joseon dynasty(Honam Cultural Property Research Center, 2013).
The result of the XRD result confirmed that the samples were augite, fayalite, and magnetites(e.g., copper, cuprite). When principal component analysis and compound analysis results for the slags were compared, it was determined that augite was present as the principal phase when the CaO content was higher than approximately 6 wt%, except for Slag 2.
This study analyzed a total of 13 samples that consisted of 11 slags excavated from square-building sites(No. 2, 6, and 8) and pit No. 6 of the Three Kingdoms period in section I of the Ungyo site, in addition to two furnace walls excavated from the internal pit of square-building site No. 8(Table 1, Figure 2).
성능/효과
To examine the chemical composition of the analyzed sample, composition analysis was performed using WD-XRF (Table 2). The results revealed that the principal components are FeO and SiO2, and Al2O3, CaO, CuO, ZnO, and PbO are contained in small quantities. It was rare to find PbO and ZnO in iron slags associated iron manufactured in South Korea.
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