[논문]OBSERVING SITES FOR THE CENTRAL SOLAR ECLIPSES IN ANCIENT CHINESE HISTORY

Ahn, Sang-Hyeon

doi:10.5303/jkas.2020.53.6.125

[국내논문] OBSERVING SITES FOR THE CENTRAL SOLAR ECLIPSES IN ANCIENT CHINESE HISTORY 원문보기

Journal of the Korean astronomical society = 천문학회지, v.53 no.6, 2020년, pp.125 - 138

Ahn, Sang-Hyeon (Center for Theoretical Astronomy, Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

We determine the observing sites for eclipses of large magnitude recorded in ancient Chinese chronicles from 200 BCE to 900 CE, by adopting the difference between terrestrial time and universal time, ΔT, given by Morrison & Stephenson (2004). The records of solar eclipses with large magnitude are divided into four groups in accordance with the historical variations of the capital cities of ancient Chinese dynasties. We determine areas in which all the eclipses in each group, with an eclipse magnitude larger than a certain threshold value, could be observed. We find that these areas coincide with the historical capitals, which agrees with the general idea that the solar eclipses were observed at the capital of each dynasty. This result also verifies the ΔT values during the period from 100 BCE to 400 CE, during which historical records of eclipses are so rare that the ΔT values can only be obtained by interpolating the long-term data. Moreover, we show that the eclipses described by the term Ji in East-Asian history are not all total eclipses; their mean magnitude is 0.96 ± 0.04. We find that complementary expressions, such as dark daytime and appearance of stars during the eclipse, strengthen the possibility that eclipses described by the term Ji were total. We also provide quantitative definitions for expressions such as 'being not complete and like a hook', 'being almost complete', 'visibility of stars during the eclipse', and 'darkness during an eclipse.' The literal meanings of these expressions are in agreement with the recent physical modeling of sky brightness during total eclipses provided by Können & Hinz (2008).

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표/그림 (12)

그림 Figure 1. Eclipse map of 429 CE. Continuous lines are contours of equal eclipse magnitude. The dashed lines represent the boundaries of the total eclipse. The magnitudes are given to the right of the diagram. The wiggly line represents Huanghe or the Yellow River. N represent Nanjing or Jian-kang; X represents Xian or the capital city of both the Han and Tang dynasties; L represents Luoyang; B represents Beijing.
그림 Figure 2. Eclipse map of 454 CE. The central zone is marked by dashed lines. X represents Xian; N represents Nanjing; L represents Luoyang; B represents Beijing.
그림 Figure 3. Visibility map for the historical eclipses of the Western Han dynasty. The contours show the areas within which eclipses of a certain magnitude larger than a certain threshold value were visible. The threshold values are given next to the contours. Here X, L, N, and B represent Xian, Luoyang, Nanjing, and Beijing, respectively. The historical capital during the Western Han dynasty was Chang'an, i.e., present-day Xian. Its location approximately coincides with the common area where all the central eclipses were visible.
표 Table 1Solar eclipses greater than large partial eclipses in Chinese history
그림 Figure 4. Visibility map similar to Figure 3, except for the historical eclipses of the Eastern Han dynasty. The innermost contour represents the boundary for a threshold magnitude of 0:95. The historical capital city of the dynasty was Luoyang, which is denoted by L. The historical center of the dynasty coincides with the common area where all the central eclipses were visible.
그림 Figure 5. Visibility map, similar to Figures 3 and 4, except for the historical eclipses of the Southern Dynasties, such as the Liu-Song, Southern Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties. The thick central dotted line represents the boundary for a threshold magnitude of 0:95. The historical capital during this period was Jian-kang or present-day Nanjing, which is denoted by N. The historical center of the dynasties coincides with the common area where all the central eclipses were visible.
표 Table 2 Geographical positions of the capital cities and other important places in Chinese history
그림 Figure 6. Eclipse map of 822 CE. According to the records, the eclipse was not total at Chang'an, denoted by X in the figure, but it was total in the area between Beijing and Handan, denoted by B and H, respectively.
그림 Figure 7. Eclipse map of 756 CE. Here, Nx represents Ningx- ian, where the new emperor Suzong resided at the time of eclipse, and Cd represents Chengdu, the place that the pre-vious emperor Xuanzong ed to. The dashed line represents the eclipse magnitude μ = 1:0.
그림 Figure 8. Visibility map for the central eclipses of the Sui and Tang dynasties recorded in history books. The innermost contour marks the threshold value of eclipse magnitude μ = 0:95. The lower panel shows the results for the eclipses of 702 CE, 729 CE, and 761 CE, which were witnessed at Chang'an, the capital city of the Tang dynasty. The upper panel shows the visibility map after including the eclipses of both 616 CE and 756 CE, which were observed in other cities close to Xian. We see that eclipses of magnitude larger than 0:9 were visible at Chang'an (present-day Xian, denoted by X).
그림 Figure 9. Eclipse magnitudes corresponding to various ex-pressions that were used to describe large eclipses. The open circles in the lower panel represent the Ji eclipses; the solid circles represent eclipses that are 'not complete and like a hook'; the crosses in the middle panel represent daytime darkness; the open squares represent visibility of stars; the solid squares in the upper panel represent 'almost complete' eclipses.
표 Table 3 Observational and theoretical limiting magnitudes for expressions used to describe historical eclipses

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