Lee, Nari
(Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University)
,
Hyun, Su Bin
(Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University)
,
Yun, Suk Hyun
(Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University)
,
Chung, You Chul
(Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University)
,
Hyun, Chang-Gu
(Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University)
The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the Rhododendron weyrichii flower extract fermented using Shindari, a traditional Jeju barley Nuruk-based fermentation. In this study, we examined the antioxidant potential of R. weyrichii flower extracts (...
The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the Rhododendron weyrichii flower extract fermented using Shindari, a traditional Jeju barley Nuruk-based fermentation. In this study, we examined the antioxidant potential of R. weyrichii flower extracts (RF) and R. weyrichii flower extracts fermented with Nuruk or Shindari (RFFN or RFFS, respectively) using various in vitro antioxidant assays including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, total phenol content and FRAP assays. We also evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of the RF and RFFS on murine RAW 264.7 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by treating the RAW 264.7 cells with various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 ㎍/ml) of RF or RFFS. As a result, we observed that the ABTS radical scavenging activity and total phenol content of RFFS was higher than that of RF and RFFN. Additionally, lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production was significantly lower in RFFS-treated cells when compared to the LPS-treated control. In addition, RFFS-treated cells exhibited decreased expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) proteins and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting showed that both the quercetin and quercetin glucoside (quercitrin and isoquercitrin) levels were affected by the fermentation process. In conclusion, our data suggests that traditional fermentation could be an important strategy in improving the biological properties of raw materials including their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Finally, RFFS may be a candidate for developing topical antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the Rhododendron weyrichii flower extract fermented using Shindari, a traditional Jeju barley Nuruk-based fermentation. In this study, we examined the antioxidant potential of R. weyrichii flower extracts (RF) and R. weyrichii flower extracts fermented with Nuruk or Shindari (RFFN or RFFS, respectively) using various in vitro antioxidant assays including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, total phenol content and FRAP assays. We also evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of the RF and RFFS on murine RAW 264.7 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by treating the RAW 264.7 cells with various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 ㎍/ml) of RF or RFFS. As a result, we observed that the ABTS radical scavenging activity and total phenol content of RFFS was higher than that of RF and RFFN. Additionally, lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production was significantly lower in RFFS-treated cells when compared to the LPS-treated control. In addition, RFFS-treated cells exhibited decreased expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) proteins and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting showed that both the quercetin and quercetin glucoside (quercitrin and isoquercitrin) levels were affected by the fermentation process. In conclusion, our data suggests that traditional fermentation could be an important strategy in improving the biological properties of raw materials including their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Finally, RFFS may be a candidate for developing topical antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
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문제 정의
weyrichii. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of R. weyrichii flower fermented extracts. Additionally, the chemical constituent of the fermented extracts was evaluated fermentation characteristics of Shindari added with R.
가설 설정
In this study, we investigated the effect of R. weyrichii flower extracts fermented with Shindari on the LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. The cytotoxicity of various concentrations (6.
제안 방법
Thus, we suggest that REFS is a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory candidate for topical application. In order to use these results, a complete understanding of the efficacy of the fermentation starter, barley Nuruk or Shindari, and the increased efficacy after fermentation of the extract is needed. Therefore, it is considered that it is necessary to further compare the efficacy of the fermentation starter and the fermentation extract under the same conditions.
In this study, we demonstrated the antioxidant potential of R. weyrichii flower fermentation extracts using various in vitro assays including DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, and FRAP assay, total phenol content. Further, the anti-inflammatory activity of RFFS decreased NO production by downregulating iNOS protein expression in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.
7 cells. The cytotoxicity of various concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 µg/ ml) of RF, and RFFS extracts against RAW 264.7 cells was evaluated after 24 h treatment. As shown in Fig.
The quantitative analysis of the RF, RFFN, and RFFS extracts was performed on an HPLC instrument with a 2695 separation module (Waters, USA). The column used for the separation of RF, RFFN, and RFFS extracts was the YMC-Triart C18 analytical column (250 mm × 4.
대상 데이터
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium and the Griess reagent (G4410) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. (USA). The anti-iNOS antibody was purchased from Millipore (USA), and anti-β-actin antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (USA).
The mouse monocyte cell line, RAW 264.7 was obtained from the Korean Cell Line Bank (KCLB). The cells were sub-cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin every second day and maintained in a humid atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37℃.
이론/모형
Another one was mixed with 1 g of dried RF extract (1 g) and Nuruk (barley yeast, 1 g) with steamed rice and added to 50 ml distilled water. It was prepared by reference to Shindari methods. And then each mixture was fermented for 3 days in an incubator at 30℃.
The cell viability was measured using 3-(4, 5-dimeth-ylthiazol-2yl)-, 5-diphenyltetra-zolium bromide (MTT) assay [15]. The RAW 264.
참고문헌 (26)
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