[논문]Application of Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT) Principles to bypass landslides in mountainous terrain

Bhasin, Rajinder; Aarset, Arnstein

Application of Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT) Principles to bypass landslides in mountainous terrain 원문보기

자연, 터널 그리고 지하공간 = Magazine of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, v.22 no.1, 2020년, pp.26 - 35

Bhasin, Rajinder (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute) , Aarset, Arnstein (Norwegian Geotechnical Institute)

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Tunnelling to bypass major landslide areas is considered as a good and long-term environmentally friendly solution to reduce an existing hazard. In Norway, hundreds of kilometres of tunnels have been constructed in areas prone to landslides and snow avalanches. Although tunnelling is considered as an expensive mitigation strategy for bypassing landslides, analysis indicate that in some cases the cost of building a tunnel can be repaid by savings in driving costs (fuel) alone over a period of 5-10 years due to reduced driving distances. The other benefits of constructing tunnels in landslide areas include savings in time and increased safety. The Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT) is considered safe, efficient and cost effective compared to other tunnelling techniques. Some aspects of NMT, which are considered safe and cost efficient, are presented. The application of updated rock support techniques, including reinforced ribs of shotctrete (RRS), which is a key component of the Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT), is highlighted.

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Over the past two decades, several new tunnels have since been constructed in Norway in relatively weak and poor rock conditions using the NMT method wherein flexible rock support with reinforced ribs of shotcrete (RRS) has been used. This paper describes the application of NMT principles to bypass major landslides in mountain terrain with examples from Norway. Although tunnelling is considered as an expensive mitigation strategy for bypassing landslides, some simple cost-benefit analysis indicate that the advantages of constructing a tunnel outweigh the maintenance costs for keeping the road open to vehicular traffic (Bhasin et al.

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5 km. It was built to have an all year connectivity between the two largest cities Oslo and Bergen through the European highway E16. The tunnel avoids difficult mountain crossings, which are open only about 5 months annually, (see Figure 13) and make a ferry free connection between Norway’s two largest cities.
The constructed tunnel, which opened in November 2019, is 5.8 km long and has reduced the distance of the European highway E6 by 8 km.

이론/모형

Figure 14 shows the entrance and one of the safety caverns allowing a U-turn for long vehicles inside the road tunnel. The Q-system was used to classify the rock and the Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT) principles were used for the construction of the tunnel (Grimstad and Kvale, 1999).
This paper has provided some examples of tunnelling to bypass major landslide areas using the Norwegian Method of Tunnelling. It is experienced that tunnelling is a long-term environmentally friendly solution to combat major landslides in mountainous areas with rugged terrain.

성능/효과

It was also stated that NMT appeared suitable for hard ground where jointing and over- break were dominant and where drilling and blasting or hard rock TBM’s were the most common methods of excavation.
, 1992). It was pointed out that NATM appeared more suitable for soft ground where jointing and over break were not dominant and monitoring played an important role in deciding on the timing and type of secondary support. It was also stated that NMT appeared suitable for hard ground where jointing and over- break were dominant and where drilling and blasting or hard rock TBM’s were the most common methods of excavation.

참고문헌 (15)

Barton, N., R. Lien and J. Lunde, 1974, "Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support", Rock Mechanics, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 189-236.

상세보기
Barton, N., Grimstad, E., Aas, G., Opsahl, O.A., Bakken, A., Pedersen, L., and Johansen, E.D., 1992. Norwegian Method of Tunneling, WT Focus on Norway, World Tunneling, June/August 1992.
Barton, N. and Grimstad, E. 2014. Tunnel and cavern support selection in Norway, based on rock mass classification with the Q-system. Norwegian Tunneling Technology Publication No. 23, Norwegian Tunneling Society.
Berggren, A., Nermoen, B., Kveen, A., Jakobsen, P.D. and Neby, A. 2014. Excavation and support methods, Norwegian Tunneling Technology, Publication No. 23, Norwegian Tunneling Society.
Bhasin, R., Grimstad, E., Aarset, A. and Malik, S. (2019). Overcoming rock engineering challenges for construction of transport tunnels in the Himalayas. Proceedings American Rock Mechanics Association, New York, 2019, Paper ARMA 19-1616.
Bhasin, R. and Loset, F. and Barton, N., (1999). Rock Support Performance of a Sub-Sea Tunnel in Western Norway. Proc. third International Symposium on Sprayed Concrete Gol, Norway, September 1999, pp.58-69.
Bhasin, R., Grimstad, E., Larsen, J.O., Dhawan, A.K., Singh, R. and Verma, S.K. 2002. Landslide Hazards and Mitigation Measures at Gangtok, Sikkim Himalaya. Engineering Geology, Vol. 64, pp. 351-368.

상세보기
Bhasin, R., Tshering, T. and Olsson, R. 2012. The Effect of Earthquake on Rock Support in Tunnels. World Tunnel Congress 2012, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-23 May 2012, Tunnelling and underground Space for a Global Society.
Bhasin, R., Pabst, T. and Aarset, A. (2017) Detailed engineering geological investigations and numerical modelling for a planned road tunnel in Bhutan Himalaya. Proc. World Tunnel Congress 2017 - Surface challenges - Underground solutions. Bergen, Norway.
Grimstad, E., Barton, N. 1993. Updating the Q-system for NMT. International Symposium on Sprayed Concrete. Fagernes, September 1993. Proceedings, pp. 46-66. Norsk Betongforening/NIF, Oslo 1993.
Grimstad, E. 1986. Rock-Burst problems in road tunnels. Norwegian Road Tunneling, Publication no. 4, Norwegian Soil and Rock Engineering Association, Tapir Publishers, N-7034 Trondheim.
Grimstad, E. and KvKle, J. 1999. The influence of Rock Stress and Support on the Depth of the Disturbed Zone in the Laerdal Tunnel. A key to Differentiate the Rock Support. Proceedings pp. 341-346. ITA Conference, Oslo June 1999.
Grimstad, E., Bhasin, R., Hagen, A.W., Kaynia, A. and Kankes, K., (2003) Q-system advance for sprayed lining. Tunnels and Tunneling International (pp. 44-47), January 2003.
NGI, 2015. Using the Q-system, Rock mass classification and support design. Handbook, published at ww.ngi.no, 2015.
NPRA Norwegian Public Roads Administration. 2010. Technical Report No. 2538. Works ahead of the tunnel face and rock support in road tunnels, NPRA, Oslo (Norwegian).

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Application of Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT) Principles to bypass landslides in mountainous terrain 원문보기

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Application of Norwegian Method of Tunnelling (NMT) Principles to bypass landslides in mountainous terrain 원문보기

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