Lee, Da-In
(Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University)
,
Park, Sung Hee
(Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University)
,
Baek, Jong Hwan
(Department of Premedicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University)
,
Yoon, Jee Won
(Department of Premedicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University)
,
Jin, Soo Im
(Department of Premedicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University)
,
Han, Kwang Eon
(Department of Premedicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University)
,
Yu, Hak Sun
(Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University)
Free-living amoebas (FLAs) can cause severe disease in humans and animals when they become infected. However, there are no accurate survey reports on the prevalence of FLAs in Korea. In this study, we collected 163 tap water samples from buildings, apartments, and restrooms of highway service areas ...
Free-living amoebas (FLAs) can cause severe disease in humans and animals when they become infected. However, there are no accurate survey reports on the prevalence of FLAs in Korea. In this study, we collected 163 tap water samples from buildings, apartments, and restrooms of highway service areas in 7 Korean provinces with high population density. All these buildings and facilities have water storage tanks in common. The survey was separated into categories of buildings, apartments, and highway service areas. Five hundred milliliters of tap water from each building was collected and filtered with 0.2 ㎛ pore filter paper. The filters were incubated in agar plates with heated E. coli at 25℃. After axenization, genomic DNA was collected from each FLA, and species classification was performed using partial 18S-rDNA PCR-sequencing analysis. We found that 12.9% of tap water from buildings with storage tanks in Korea was contaminated with FLAs. The highway service areas had the highest contamination rate at 33.3%. All of the FLAs, except one, were genetically similar to Vermamoeba vermiformis (Hartmannella vermiformis). The remaining FLA (KFA21) was very similar to Acanthamoeba lugdunensis (KA/E26). Although cases of human infection by V. vermiformis are very rare, we must pay attention to the fact that one-third of tap water supplies in highway service areas have been contaminated.
Free-living amoebas (FLAs) can cause severe disease in humans and animals when they become infected. However, there are no accurate survey reports on the prevalence of FLAs in Korea. In this study, we collected 163 tap water samples from buildings, apartments, and restrooms of highway service areas in 7 Korean provinces with high population density. All these buildings and facilities have water storage tanks in common. The survey was separated into categories of buildings, apartments, and highway service areas. Five hundred milliliters of tap water from each building was collected and filtered with 0.2 ㎛ pore filter paper. The filters were incubated in agar plates with heated E. coli at 25℃. After axenization, genomic DNA was collected from each FLA, and species classification was performed using partial 18S-rDNA PCR-sequencing analysis. We found that 12.9% of tap water from buildings with storage tanks in Korea was contaminated with FLAs. The highway service areas had the highest contamination rate at 33.3%. All of the FLAs, except one, were genetically similar to Vermamoeba vermiformis (Hartmannella vermiformis). The remaining FLA (KFA21) was very similar to Acanthamoeba lugdunensis (KA/E26). Although cases of human infection by V. vermiformis are very rare, we must pay attention to the fact that one-third of tap water supplies in highway service areas have been contaminated.
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제안 방법
The observed FLA contamination rate was higher for highway service areas than apartments and office buildings. In order to determine the FLA contamination rate by region, we divided the FLA contaminated tap water samples into 8 regions (Table 2). FLA contamination was the highest in the Gyeongbuk region (north of Gyeongsang province), including Daegu (25.
1% was observed. In order to identify species, we isolated all FLAs from the contaminated tap water samples and ultimately collected 21 different FLAs. The genetic variation in the 21 different FLAs was analyzed using 18S-rDNA sequencing.
The primer sequences for 18S-rDNA were 5′-TTT GAA TTC GCT CCA ATA GCG TAT ATT AA-3′ and 5′- TTT GAA TTC AGA AAG AGC TAT CAA TCT GT-3′. Phylogenetic analyses were performed with FLA isolates and 2 reference sequences (A. lugdunensis KA/E26 EF140627 and V. vermiformis CRIB-06 DQ123623) using the MEGA6 program.
Phylogenetic tree of 21 KFA isolates in Korea. Phylogenetic classifications were analyzed using 18S-rDNA with the MEGA6 program, the neighbor-joining method, and bootstrap analysis (1,000 replicates) based on the ClustalW algorithm. SA, service area; A, apartment; B, building.
In order to identify species, we isolated all FLAs from the contaminated tap water samples and ultimately collected 21 different FLAs. The genetic variation in the 21 different FLAs was analyzed using 18S-rDNA sequencing. We found that 20 of the FLAs were genetically similar to V.
대상 데이터
FLA contamination rates and genetic classification of species were investigated. A total of 163 tap water samples was collected using water sample bottles (MEDI-LAND, Seoul, Korea) from 37 apartments, 102 office buildings, and 24 highway service areas. Each 500 ml sample of tap water was filfered through 0.
For this reason, 79% of USA and 89% of UK household tap water samples have been reported to contain FLAs [11,12]. In this study, we investigated the FLA contamination rate in the tap water supplies of office buildings, apartments, and restrooms of highway service areas in South Korea. FLA contamination rates and genetic classification of species were investigated.
성능/효과
In conclusion, we found that 12.9% of tap water in buildings with water storage tanks was contaminated with FLAs. Thus, it is necessary to determine the exact FLA contamination rate and establish regulatory policies for minimizing FLA contamination of tap water in South Korea.
, 89% of household water samples contained FLAs [11,12]. In our study results, 33.3% of tap water samples from highway service areas were contaminated with FLAs. Although Acanthamoeba was not detected in any samples, Vermamoeba also has potential pathogenicity to humans [26].
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