[논문]Effect of storage time and the level of formic acid on fermentation characteristics, epiphytic microflora, carbohydrate components and in vitro digestibility of rice straw silage

Zhao, Jie; Wang, Siran; Dong, Zhihao; Li, Junfeng; Jia, Yushan; Shao, Tao

doi:10.5713/ajas.20.0388

[국내논문] Effect of storage time and the level of formic acid on fermentation characteristics, epiphytic microflora, carbohydrate components and in vitro digestibility of rice straw silage 원문보기

Animal bioscience, v.34 no.6, 2021년, pp.1038 - 1048

Zhao, Jie (Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University) , Wang, Siran (Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University) , Dong, Zhihao (Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University) , Li, Junfeng (Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University) , Jia, Yushan (Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University) , Shao, Tao (Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of storage time and formic acid (FA) on fermentation characteristics, epiphytic microflora, carbohydrate components and in vitro digestibility of rice straw silage. Methods: Fresh rice straw was ensiled with four levels of FA (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% of fresh weight) for 3, 6, 9, 15, 30, and 60 d. At each time point, the silos were opened and sampled for chemical and microbial analyses. Meanwhile, the fresh and 60-d ensiled rice straw were further subjected to in vitro analyses. Results: The results showed that 0.2% and 0.6% FA both produced well-preserved silages with low pH value and undetected butyric acid, whereas it was converse for 0.4% FA. The populations of enterobacteria, yeasts, moulds and aerobic bacteria were suppressed by 0.2% and 0.6% FA, resulting in lower dry matter loss, ammonia nitrogen and ethanol content (p<0.05). The increase of FA linearly (p<0.001) decreased neutral detergent fibre and hemicellulose, linearly (p<0.001) increased residual water soluble carbohydrate, glucose, fructose and xylose. The in vitro gas production of rice straw was decreased by ensilage but the initial gas production rate was increased, and further improved by FA application (p0.05). Conclusion: The 0.2% FA application level promoted lactic acid fermentation while 0.6% FA restricted all microbial fermentation of rice straw silages. Rice straw ensiled with 0.2% FA or 0.6% FA improved its nutrient preservation without affecting digestion, with the 0.6% FA level best.

Keyword

표/그림 (10)

표 Table 1. Chemical composition, pre-ensiled properties and microbial population of rice straw before ensiling
그림 Figure 1. V-score of 60-d rice straw silage. Treatments: control, no additive; 0.2% FA, 0.2% formic acid; 0.4% FA, 0.4% formic acid; 0.6% FA, 0.6% formic acid (n = 5, bars indicate standard error of the means). Means with different letters in the column (^A-D) are significant at p<0.05.
표 Table 2. Effect of ensiling time and formic acid application level on fermentation parameters during ensiling
표 Table 3. Effect of ensiling time and formic acid application level on the microbial population during ensiling
표 Table 4. Effect of ensiling time and formic acid application level on DM and fermentation losses of rice straw silages
표 Table 5. Effect of ensiling time and formic acid application level on structural carbohydrate composition of rice straw silages
그림 Figure 2. (A) Water soluble carbohydrates, (B) glucose, (C) fructose, and (D) xylose of rice straw silage. DM, dry matter. Treatments: control, no additive; 0.2% FA, 0.2% formic acid; 0.4% FA, 0.4% formic acid; 0.6% FA, 0.6% formic acid (n = 5, bars indicate standard error of the means). D, ensiling time; F, formic acid application level; F-L and F-Q are linear and quadratic effects of application level, respectively; D×F, interaction of ensiling time and application level.
그림 Figure 3. Pearson's correlation heatmap of fermentation characteristics, epiphytic microflora and carbohydrate components of rice straw silages. Red squares represent positive correlation, whereas blue squares represent negative correlation. DM, dry matter; LA, lactic acid; AA, acetic acid; LA/AA, ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid; BA, butyric acid; LAB, lactic acid bacteria; EB, enterobacteria; AB, aerobic bacteria; NH₃-N, ammonia nitrogen; NDF, neutral detergent fibre; ADF, acid detergent fibre; ADL, acid detergent lignin; WSC, water soluble carbohydrates.
그림 Figure 4. Gas production rate (A, mL/g/h) and profiles (B, mL/g dry matter) from in vitro fermentation of rice straw silages for 72 h. Treatments: RS, fresh rice straw; control, no additive; 0.2% FA, 0.2% formic acid; 0.4% FA, 0.4% formic acid; 0.6% FA, 0.6% formic acid (n = 5).
표 Table 6. Crude protein, Ash, gas production kinetics and in vitro degradability of fresh rice straw and 60-d rice straw silages

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

* AI 자동 식별 결과로 적합하지 않은 문장이 있을 수 있으니, 이용에 유의하시기 바랍니다.

가설 설정

It is well known that the degradation of structural carbohydrates during ensiling can be contributed by the action of enzymes, acids and microbes. In this study, acidolysis as the main factor could account for the alteration of structural carbohydrate components. The FA application, especially at the 0.
6% formic acid. ²⁾ F, formic acid application level; F-L and F-Q are linear and quadratic effects of application level, respectively. Means (n= 5) with different letters in the same row (^A-C) are significant at p<0.

제안 방법

The harvested rice straw is yellow-green with hollow and tough stems. Then the rice straw was cut into about 2 cm by a fodder chopper and 0.3 kg straw was collected by the method of quartering for the analyses of pre-ensiled properties, chemical and microbial compositions before ensiling. The chopped straw was treated with 0% (control), 0.
5 cm) and sealed by two screw tops and plastic tape. All silos were stored at the ambient temperature (22℃ to 28℃), and five silos per treatment were opened for the following analyses on 3, 6, 9, 15, 30, and 60 d after ensiling, respectively.
Then, 60 mL inoculum was added into each bottle under CO₂ flushing at 39℃. The volume of gas production (GP) was read after 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h of incubation by a calibrated syringe and corrected with blank.

데이터처리

FW basis. Data on fermentation characteristics, epiphytic microflora and carbohydrate components were subjected to two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the fixed effects of FA levels, ensiling days and their interaction, and data on CP, Ash and in vitro parameters were subjected to one way ANOVA using the general linear model procedure of SAS (Version 9.1, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Polynomial contrasts (linear and quadratic) were performed to examine the effects of the equally spaced FA level.
Polynomial contrasts (linear and quadratic) were performed to examine the effects of the equally spaced FA level. Tukey’s multiple comparisons were used to determine the statistical difference between means, and the level of significance was set at p<0.05. Pearson correlation heatmap was used to clarify the relationship among fermentation characteristics, epiphytic microflora and carbohydrate components in this study using R software (Version 2.

이론/모형

25 to convert to CP. Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were analysed following the procedures of Van Soest et al [12] by an Ankom 200 Fibre Analyzer (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY, USA). The WSC was determined via the colorimetric method [13].
Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) were analysed following the procedures of Van Soest et al [12] by an Ankom 200 Fibre Analyzer (Ankom Technology, Macedon, NY, USA). The WSC was determined via the colorimetric method [13]. The monosaccharides including glucose, xylose and fructose were determined according to the method of Desta et al [14].
The WSC was determined via the colorimetric method [13]. The monosaccharides including glucose, xylose and fructose were determined according to the method of Desta et al [14]. Ash was measured by incinerating in a muffle furnace at 550℃ for 4 h.

성능/효과

Thus, the study evaluated the effect of four levels of FA on 60-d fermentation dynamics, epiphytic microflora, carbohydrate components and in vitro digestibility of rice straw silage, and the optimal application level of FA was also determined.
The correlation analysis showed that NDF (r = 0.497, p<0.001) and hemicellulose (r = 0.417, p<0.001) were positively related to pH value. It could be considered that hemicellulose is the easily degradable fraction of structural carbohydrates [2], which was effectively degraded by the application of FA.

참고문헌 (30)

1 Li P Ji S Wang Q Qin M Hou C Shen Y Adding sweet potato vines improve the quality of rice straw silage Anim Sci J 2017 88 625 32 10.1111/asj.12690 27549923

상세보기
2 Zhao J Dong Z Li J Effects of lactic acid bacteria and molasses on fermentation dynamics, structural and nonstructural carbohydrate composition and in vitro ruminal fermentation of rice straw silage Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 2019 32 783 91 10.5713/ajas.18.0543 30477292

원문보기 상세보기
3 Aksu T Baytok E Karsli MA Muruz H Effects of formic acid, molasses and inoculant additives on corn silage composition, organic matter digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in sheep Small Rumin Res 2006 61 29 33 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.12.013

상세보기
4 Chamberlain DG Quig J The effects of the rate of addition of formic acid and sulphuric acid on the ensilage of perennial ryegrass in laboratory silos J Sci Food Agric 1987 38 217 28 10.1002/jsfa.2740380305

상세보기
5 Yuan X Wen A Dong Z Desta ST Shao T Effects of formic acid and potassium diformate on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage Grass Forage Sci 2017 72 833 9 10.1111/gfs.12296

상세보기
6 Ren H Wang C Fan W Zhang B Li Z Li D Effects of formic or acetic acid on the storage quality of mixed air-dried corn stover and cabbage waste, and microbial community analysis Food Technol Biotechnol 2018 56 71 82 10.17113/ftb.56.01.18.5455 29795999

상세보기
7 Charmley E Gill M Thomas C The effect of formic acid treatment and the duration of the wilting period on the digestion of silage by young steers Anim Sci 1990 51 497 504 10.1017/S0003356100012538

상세보기
8 Roughani E Zamiri MJ The effects of a microbial inoculant and formic acid as silage additives on chemical composition, ruminal degradability and nutrient digestibility of corn silage in sheep Iran J Vet Res 2009 10 110 8
9 He L Wang C Xing Y Dynamics of proteolysis, protease activity and bacterial community of Neolamarckia cadamba leaves silage and the effects of formic acid and Lactobacillus farciminis Bioresour Technol 2019 294 122127 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122127 31525585

상세보기
10 Playne MJ McDonald P The buffering constituents of herbage and of silage J Sci Food Agric 1966 17 264 8 10.1002/jsfa.2740170609

상세보기
11 Broderick GA Kang JH Automated simultaneous determination of ammonia and total amino acids in ruminal fluid and in vitro media J Dairy Sci 1980 63 64 75 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(80)82888-8 7372898

상세보기
12 Van Soest PJ Robertson JB Lewis BA Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition J Dairy Sci 1991 74 3583 97 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2 1660498

상세보기
13 Thomas TA An automated procedure for the determination of soluble carbohydrates in herbage J Sci Food Agric 1977 28 639 42 10.1002/jsfa.2740280711

상세보기
14 Desta ST Yuan X Li J Shao T Ensiling characteristics, structural and nonstructural carbohydrate composition and enzymatic digestibility of Napier grass ensiled with additives Bioresour Technol 2016 221 447 54 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.068 27668877

상세보기
15 Takahashi T Horiguchi K Goto M Effect of crushing unhulled rice and the addition of fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria on the fermentation quality of whole crop rice silage, and its digestibility and rumen fermentation status in sheep Anim Sci J 2005 76 353 8 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2005.00275.x

상세보기
16 Menke KH Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and in vitro gas production using rumen fluid Anim Res Dev 1988 28 7 55
17 Blummel M Karsli A Russell JR Influence of diet on growth yields of rumen micro-organisms in vitro and in vivo : influence on growth yield of variable carbon fluxes to fermentation products Br J Nutr 2003 90 625 34 10.1079/BJN2003934 13129469

상세보기
18 McDonald P Henderson AR Heron SJE The biochemistry of silage 2nd ed Marlow, Bucks, UK Chalcombe Publication 1991
19 Cai Y Benno Y Ogawa M Kumai S Effect of applying lactic acid bacteria isolated from forage crops on fermentation characteristics and aerobic deterioration of silage J Dairy Sci 1999 82 520 6 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75263-X 10194670

상세보기
20 Leibeinsperger RY Pitt RE Modeling the effects of formic acid and molasses on ensilage J Dairy Sci 1988 71 1220 31 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79677-0

상세보기
21 Jaakkola S Kaunisto V Huhtanen P Volatile fatty acid proportions and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of cattle receiving grass silage ensiled with different rates of formic acid Grass Forage Sci 2006 61 282 92 10.1111/j.1365-2494.2006.00532.x

상세보기
22 Avila CLS Carvalho BF Silage fermentation-updates focusing on the performance of micro-organisms J Appl Microbiol 2020 128 966 84 10.1111/jam.14450 31519038

상세보기
23 Fijalkowska M Przemieniecki SW Purwin C Lipinski K Kurowski TP Karwowska A The effect of an additive containing three Lactobacillus species on the fermentation pattern and microbiological status of silage J Sci Food Agric 2020 100 1174 84 10.1002/jsfa.10126 31696525

상세보기
24 Dibner JJ Buttin P Use of organic acids as a model to study the impact of gut microflora on nutrition and metabolism J Appl Poult Res 2002 11 453 63 10.1093/japr/11.4.453

상세보기
25 Jaakkola S Rinne M Heikkila T Toivonen V Huhtanen P Effects of restriction of silage fermentation with formic acid on milk production Agric Food Sci 2006 15 200 18 10.2137/145960606779216290

상세보기
26 Zhang M Qi W Liu R Su R Wu S He Z Fractionating lignocellulose by formic acid: characterization of major components Biomass Bioenergy 2010 34 525 32 10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.12.018

상세보기
27 Zhou S Liu L Wang B Xu F Sun R Microwave-enhanced extraction of lignin from birch in formic acid: structural characterization and antioxidant activity study Process Biochem 2012 47 1799 806 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.06.006

상세보기
28 Deng C Lin R Cheng J Murphy JD Can acid pre-treatment enhance biohydrogen and biomethane production from grass silage in single-stage and two-stage fermentation processes? Energy Convers Manag 2019 195 738 47 10.1016/j.enconman.2019.05.044

상세보기
29 Getachew G Blummel M Makkar HPS Becker K In vitro gas measuring techniques for assessment of nutritional quality of feeds: a review Anim Feed Sci Technol 1998 72 261 81 10.1016/S0377-8401(97)00189-2

상세보기
30 Zhang Q Yang H Yu Z Effects of sucrose, formic acid and lactic acid bacteria inoculant on quality, in vitro rumen digestibility and fermentability of drooping wild ryegrass ( Elymus nutans Griseb.) silage J Anim Feed Sci 2017 26 26 32 10.22358/jafs/68802/2017

활용도 분석정보

상세보기

다운로드

내보내기

활용도 Top5 논문

해당 논문의 주제분야에서 활용도가 높은 상위 5개 콘텐츠를 보여줍니다.
더보기 버튼을 클릭하시면 더 많은 관련자료를 살펴볼 수 있습니다.

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증