Seo, Seongeun
(College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University)
,
Na, Hyemin
(College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University)
,
Choi, Sooyoung
(College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University)
,
Choi, Hojung
(College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University)
,
Lee, Yungwon
(College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University)
,
Lee, Kija
(College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University)
Urethral obstruction is a life-threatening feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). The rate of recurring urethral obstruction was 14.8-58.1% after the first occurrence. Ultrasonographic findings associated with reobstruction had been rarely reported although ultrasonography was a valuable techni...
Urethral obstruction is a life-threatening feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). The rate of recurring urethral obstruction was 14.8-58.1% after the first occurrence. Ultrasonographic findings associated with reobstruction had been rarely reported although ultrasonography was a valuable technique for diagnosing urinary bladder calculi and distinguishing different FLUTD causes. This retrospective study aims to describe the ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profile in cats with FLUTD and determine the associations of reobstruction with ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profile. The present study included 141 cats that were followed up for more than 1 year. The ultrasonographic criteria included the presence of cystolithiasis, urine echogenicity, sediment, suspended linear strand, pericystic effusion, hyperechoic pericystic fat, ureteral dilation, pyelectasia, and perirenal effusion. The urinalysis criteria included hematuria, urine-specific gravity, pH, sediment, and proteinuria. The most common ultrasonographic findings in cats with FLUTD were echogenic urine and sediment. However, this study did not find an association between reobstruction and ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profiles. Thus, an ultrasonographic examination may be insufficient to predict the risk of reobstruction although it is a useful modality for diagnosing FLUTD and making treatment direction.
Urethral obstruction is a life-threatening feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). The rate of recurring urethral obstruction was 14.8-58.1% after the first occurrence. Ultrasonographic findings associated with reobstruction had been rarely reported although ultrasonography was a valuable technique for diagnosing urinary bladder calculi and distinguishing different FLUTD causes. This retrospective study aims to describe the ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profile in cats with FLUTD and determine the associations of reobstruction with ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profile. The present study included 141 cats that were followed up for more than 1 year. The ultrasonographic criteria included the presence of cystolithiasis, urine echogenicity, sediment, suspended linear strand, pericystic effusion, hyperechoic pericystic fat, ureteral dilation, pyelectasia, and perirenal effusion. The urinalysis criteria included hematuria, urine-specific gravity, pH, sediment, and proteinuria. The most common ultrasonographic findings in cats with FLUTD were echogenic urine and sediment. However, this study did not find an association between reobstruction and ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profiles. Thus, an ultrasonographic examination may be insufficient to predict the risk of reobstruction although it is a useful modality for diagnosing FLUTD and making treatment direction.
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가설 설정
Moreover, ultrasonographic findings at the time of hospitalization did not significantly predict uretheral reobstruction and only 87 cats with urethral obstruction were included in this study (26). This study hypothesized that studies with a larger number of cats with FLUTD may have different results. The purposes of this retrospective study were to describe ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profile in cats with FLUTD, and determine whether ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profile at the first time of hospitalization can predict uretheral reobstruction.
제안 방법
This study hypothesized that studies with a larger number of cats with FLUTD may have different results. The purposes of this retrospective study were to describe ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profile in cats with FLUTD, and determine whether ultrasonographic findings, urinalysis, and serum chemistry profile at the first time of hospitalization can predict uretheral reobstruction.
Urine was collected to perform urinalysis after catheterization and flushing of the bladder was performed in all cats except for the spayed females. The treatment included urine output monitoring, intravenous fluid therapy and medication including antibiotics, analgesics, and adjuvants during hospitalization. Urethral recatheterization or perineal urethrostomy were done if urethral obstruction recurred during hospitalization.
Urethral recatheterization or perineal urethrostomy were done if urethral obstruction recurred during hospitalization. Consequently, a follow-up examination was performed for 1 year to confirm the reobstruction.
Ultrasonographic examination was performed using a commercially available ultrasound machine (RS80A, Samsung Medicine, Seoul, Korea) with blended frequencies of 4-9 MHz convex transducer and 3-16MHz linear transducer. Moreover, ultrasound images were retrieved from the Picture Archiving and Communication System.
6mEq/L, respectively (14, 19, 21). This study defined azotemia and severe azotemia as the serum creatinine concentrations of 2.1 and 5.0mg/dL with increased BUN, respectively. Moreover, hyperkalemia and severe hyperkalemia were defined as the serum potassium concentrations of 4.
">respectively. In three cats who experienced reobstruction twice, each cat had recurrence at 1 and 2 months, 2 weeks and 1 month, and 5 and 7 months after the first time of hospitalization.
and identifing the causes of FLUTD. The results of this study may support the use of ultrasonographic examination for treatment planning in cats with FLUTD, but not as a method for predicting the risk of reobstruction. However, further prospective follow up study including FLUTD cats having similar environment is needed to identify correlation urethral reobstruction with ultrasonographic findings just prior to reobstruction.
대상 데이터
This retrospective study included feline patients with FLUTD presented to the Dasom Feline Medical Center between September 2017 and April 2019. Approval by the Animal Care and Use Committee of the institution of this study was not required due to the retrospective nature of the study.
The present study included 141 cats diagnosed with FLUTD. The predominant breeds were Domestic short hair (77/141, 54.
Five stray cats had inaccurate age data. Of the cats, 139 were male (6 intact and 133 castrated) and two were spayed females. The mean body weight was 5.
성능/효과
Only cats with FLUTD who performed with ultrasonography and had been followed up for more than a year were included in this study. The medical records were reviewed, and breed, age, gender, body weight, history consistent with urethral obstruction, clinical signs, ultrasonographic findings including a full evaluation of the urinary system, results of urinalysis and serum chemistry profile, treatment, and recurrence of urethral obstruction were recorded.
The abnormal ultrasonographic findings included cystolithiasis (19/81, 23.5%), echogenic urine (128/141, 90.1%), sediment (117/141, 83.0%), suspended linear strand (32/141, 22.7%), pericystic effusion (32/141, 22.7%), perirenal effusion (4/135, 3.0%), pyelectasia (5/135, 3.7%), ureteral dilation (32/135, 23.7%), and hyperechoic pericystic fat (23/140, 16.4%). The abnormal ultrasonographic findings in recurrence and nonrecurrence patients are summarized in Table 1.
후속연구
Each patient may be influenced by multiple different factors and these factors could result in different ultrasonographic findings and urinalysis results. Therefore, the evaluation of factors influencing re obstruction during the nonrecurrent period could be performed in further studies by using a questionnaire for food and the environment. The recurrent interval in a previous study was 3-6 months (19).
The results of this study may support the use of ultrasonographic examination for treatment planning in cats with FLUTD, but not as a method for predicting the risk of reobstruction. However, further prospective follow up study including FLUTD cats having similar environment is needed to identify correlation urethral reobstruction with ultrasonographic findings just prior to reobstruction.
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