$\require{mediawiki-texvc}$

연합인증

연합인증 가입 기관의 연구자들은 소속기관의 인증정보(ID와 암호)를 이용해 다른 대학, 연구기관, 서비스 공급자의 다양한 온라인 자원과 연구 데이터를 이용할 수 있습니다.

이는 여행자가 자국에서 발행 받은 여권으로 세계 각국을 자유롭게 여행할 수 있는 것과 같습니다.

연합인증으로 이용이 가능한 서비스는 NTIS, DataON, Edison, Kafe, Webinar 등이 있습니다.

한번의 인증절차만으로 연합인증 가입 서비스에 추가 로그인 없이 이용이 가능합니다.

다만, 연합인증을 위해서는 최초 1회만 인증 절차가 필요합니다. (회원이 아닐 경우 회원 가입이 필요합니다.)

연합인증 절차는 다음과 같습니다.

최초이용시에는
ScienceON에 로그인 → 연합인증 서비스 접속 → 로그인 (본인 확인 또는 회원가입) → 서비스 이용

그 이후에는
ScienceON 로그인 → 연합인증 서비스 접속 → 서비스 이용

연합인증을 활용하시면 KISTI가 제공하는 다양한 서비스를 편리하게 이용하실 수 있습니다.

미생물 균총이 위장관암과 항암제에 미치는 영향
Impact of Microbiota on Gastrointestinal Cancer and Anticancer Therapy 원문보기

생명과학회지 = Journal of life science, v.32 no.5, 2022년, pp.391 - 410  

김사랑 (한동대학교 생명과학부) ,  이정민 (한동대학교 생명과학부)

초록
AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

인간 미생물 균총은 장, 구강, 피부와 같이 체내외 다양한 부위에 존재하는 박테리아, 균류, 바이러스 등을 포함하는 미생물 집단이다. 16s ribosomal RNA에 대한 대사체 분석 및 차세대 염기서열 분석기술의 개발과 함께, 살아있는 유기체 내에 존재하는 미생물 균총에 대한 많은 연구가 진행되었다. 이에 따라, 미생물 균총이 숙주의 대사 및 면역과정과 복잡하게 연관되어 있음이 확인되었다. 공생균(commensal microbiota)이라 불리는 미생물 균총의 특정 박테리아가 필수 영양소를 생성하거나 다른 병원성 미생물로부터 숙주를 보호하여 긍정적으로 영향을 미치고 있는 반면, 비정상적인 미생물 균총의 조성을 의미하는 미생물 균총의 불균형(dysbiosis)에 의해 체내 항상성 유지를 방해하여 다양한 종류의 질병을 발생시키기도 한다. 최근, 미생물 균총 중에서도 구강과 장내 존재하는 박테리아가 위장관암의 발암과정과 항암제의 치료효과에 상당한 영향을 미치고 있음이 여러 논문을 통해 보고되고 있다. 미생물 균총-암-면역계 사이의 복잡한 연관성과 미생물 균총 기반 발암 메커니즘에 대한 규명은 암에 대한 이해와 새로운 항암제 개발에 중요한 단서를 제공할 것으로 기대된다. 본 리뷰는 미생물 균총의 박테리아가 위장관암과 항암제에 어떤 영향을 미치고 있는지에 대해 초점을 맞추고 있는 논문들을 요약하고 있으며, 나아가 기존 항암제의 치료효과를 개선하기 위해 복합제로써 미생물 균총의 잠재력과 도전과제에 대해 논의한다.

Abstract AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

Human microbiota is a community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, that inhabit various locations of the body, such as the gut, oral, and skin. Along with the development of metabolomic analysis and next-generation sequencing techniques for 16S ribosomal RNA, it has become po...

주제어

표/그림 (4)

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper 아이콘 AI-Helper

문제 정의

  • 본 논문에서는 미생물 균총이 면역계를 통해 위장관암의 발생/성장/전이와 치료/부작용에 미치는 영향과 관련된 메커니즘에 대해 중점적으로 논의하고(Fig. 1), 나아가 새로운 방식의 항암제개발에 있어서 미생물 균총의 잠재가능성과 도전과제에 대해 시사하고자 한다.
  • 또한, 대장암에 걸린 쥐에게 항생제를 처리하였을 때 종양에 의해 유도된 케모카인 (chemokine)의 발현랑이 상당하게 낮아졌다[40]. 따라서, 위장관암과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 있는 것으로 알려진 위장관 내 미생물 균총과 면역세포 사이의 상호과정에 초점을 맞춰 설명하고자 한다.
  • 또한, 특정 암과 관련된 균주에 대한 분류와 이에 대한 조절이 체내에 어떤 과정을 통해 영향을 미치는지에 대한 연구에 있어서 균과 암과의 직접적인 연관성과 함께 면역계/중추신경계/내분비계와의 간접적인 연관성에 대해서도 고려해야 할 필요가 있다[13, 219]. 본 논문에서는 미생물 균총이 면역계를 통해 위장관암의 발생/성장/전이와 치료/부작용에 미치는 영향과 관련된 메커니즘에 대해 중점적으로 논의하고(Fig. 1), 나아가 새로운 방식의 항암제개발에 있어서 미생물 균총의 잠재가능성과 도전과제에 대해 시사하고자 한다.
본문요약 정보가 도움이 되었나요?

참고문헌 (246)

  1. Abdullah, M., Greenfield, L. K., Bronte-Tinkew, D., Capurro, M. I., Rizzuti, D. and Jones, N. L. 2019. VacA promotes CagA accumulation in gastric epithelial cells during Helicobacter pylori infection. Sci. Rep. 9, 1-9. 

  2. Abed, J., Maalouf, N., Manson, A. L., Earl, A. M., Parhi, L., Emgard, J. E. and Bachrach, G., et al. 2020. Colon cancer-associated Fusobacterium nucleatum may originate from the oral cavity and reach colon tumors via the circulatory system. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 10, 400. 

  3. Ahn, J., Sinha, R., Pei, Z., Dominianni, C., Wu, J., Shi, J. and Yang, L., et al. 2013. Human gut microbiome and risk for colorectal cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 105, 1907-1911. 

  4. Altobelli, A., Bauer, M., Velez, K., Cover, T. L. and Muller, A. 2019. Helicobacter pylori VacA targets myeloid cells in the gastric lamina propria to promote peripherally induced regulatory T-cell differentiation and persistent infection. MBio 10, e00261-19. 

  5. Annertz, K., Anderson, H., Biorklund, A., Moller, T., Kantola, S., Mork, J. and Wennerberg, J., et al. 2002. Incidence and survival of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in Scandinavia, with special reference to young adults. Int. J. Cancer Res. 101, 95-99. 

  6. Ansari, S. and Yamaoka, Y. 2019. Helicobacter pylori virulence factors exploiting gastric colonization and its pathogenicity. Toxins 11, 677. 

  7. Arthur, J. C., Perez-Chanona, E., Muhlbauer, M., Tomkovich, S., Uronis, J. M., Fan, T. J. and Jobin, C., et al. 2012. Intestinal inflammation targets cancer-inducing activity of the microbiota. Science 338, 120-123. 

  8. Ashktorab, H., Belgrave, K., Hosseinkhah, F., Brim, H., Nouraie, M., Takkikto, M. and Smoot, D., et al. 2009. Global histone H4 acetylation and HDAC2 expression in colon adenoma and carcinoma. Dig. Dis. Sci. 54, 2109-2117. 

  9. Aviles-Jimenez, F., Vazquez-Jimenez, F., Medrano-Guzman, R., Mantilla, A. and Torres, J. 2014. Stomach microbiota composition varies between patients with non-atrophic gastritis and patients with intestinal type of gastric cancer. Sci. Rep. 4, 1-11. 

  10. Azevedo, M. M., Pina-Vaz, C. and Baltazar, F. 2020. Microbes and cancer: friends or faux?. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 3115. 

  11. Bao, Y., Spiegelman, D., Li, R., Giovannucci, E., Fuchs, C. S. and Michaud, D. S. 2010. History of peptic ulcer disease and pancreatic cancer risk in men. Gastroenterology 138, 541-549. 

  12. Barton, C. M., Staddon, S. L., Hughes, C. M., Hall, P. A., O'sullivan, C., Kloppel, G. and Williamson, R. C. N., et al. 1991. Abnormalities of the p53 tumour suppressor gene in human pancreatic cancer. Br. J. Cancer 64, 1076-1082. 

  13. Ben-Shaanan, T. L., Schiller, M., Azulay-Debby, H., Korin, B., Boshnak, N., Koren, T. and Rolls, A., et al. 2018. Modulation of anti-tumor immunity by the brain's reward system. Nat. Commun. 9, 1-10. 

  14. Blacher, E., Levy, M., Tatirovsky, E. and Elinav, E. 2017. Microbiome-modulated metabolites at the interface of host immunity. J. Immunol. Res. 198, 572-580. 

  15. Blaser, M. J. 1997. Helicobacter pylori eradication and its implications for the future. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 11, 103-107. 

  16. Blaser, M. J. 1998. Science, medicine, and the future: Helicobacter pylori and gastric diseases. Br. Med. J. 316, 1507. 

  17. Blaser, M. J. 2010. Helicobacter pylori and esophageal disease: wake-up call? Gastroenterology 139, 1819-1822. 

  18. Boehm, E. T., Thon, C., Kupcinskas, J., Steponaitiene, R., Skieceviciene, J., Canbay, A. and Link, A., et al. 2020. Fusobacterium nucleatum is associated with worse prognosis in Lauren's diffuse type gastric cancer patients. Sci. Rep. 10, 1-12. 

  19. Boursi, B., Mamtani, R., Haynes, K. and Yang, Y. X. 2015. Recurrent antibiotic exposure may promote cancer formation-another step in understanding the role of the human microbiota?. Eur. J. Cancer 51, 2655-2664. 

  20. Brennan, C. A. and Garrett, W. S. 2019. Fusobacterium Nucleatum-symbiont, opportunist and oncobacterium. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17, 156-166. 

  21. Bullman, S., Pedamallu, C. S., Sicinska, E., Clancy, T. E., Zhang, X., Cai, D. and Meyerson, M., et al. 2017. Analysis of Fusobacterium persistence and antibiotic response in colorectal cancer. Science 358, 1443-1448. 

  22. Castellarin, M., Warren, R. L., Freeman, J. D., Dreolini, L., Krzywinski, M., Strauss, J. and Holt, R. A., et al. 2012. Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res. 22, 299-306. 

  23. Celli, J. P., Turner, B. S., Afdhal, N. H., Keates, S., Ghiran, I., Kelly, C. P. and Bansil, R., et al. 2009. Helicobacter pylori moves through mucus by reducing mucin viscoelasticity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 106, 14321-14326. 

  24. Chae, Y. K., Arya, A., Iams, W., Cruz, M. R., Chandra, S., Choi, J. and Giles, F. 2018. Current landscape and future of dual anti-CTLA4 and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy in cancer; lessons learned from clinical trials with melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J. Immunother. Cancer 6, 1-27. 

  25. Chaput, N., Lepage, P., Coutzac, C., Soularue, E., Le Roux, K., Monot, C. and Carbonnel, F., et al. 2017. Baseline gut microbiota predicts clinical response and colitis in metastatic melanoma patients treated with ipilimumab. Ann. Oncol. 28, 1368-1379. 

  26. Chen, D. S. and Mellman, I. 2017. Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point. Nature 541, 321-330. 

  27. Chen, J. H., Zheng, Y. L., Xu, C. Q., Gu, L. Z., Ding, Z. L., Qin, L. and Hu, C. P., et al. 2017. Valproic acid (VPA) enhances cisplatin sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells viaHDAC2 mediated down regulation of ABCA1. Bio. Chem. 398, 785-792. 

  28. Chen, W., Liu, F., Ling, Z., Tong, X. and Xiang, C. 2012. Human intestinal lumen and mucosa-associated microbiota in patients with colorectal cancer. PLoS One 7, e39743. 

  29. Chen, X. H., Wang, A., Chu, A. N., Gong, Y. H. and Yuan, Y. 2019. Mucosa-associated microbiota in gastric cancer tissues compared with non-cancer tissues. Front. Microbiol. 10, 1261. 

  30. Chen, X. Z., Wang, R., Chen, H. N. and Hu, J. K. 2015. Cytotoxin-associated gene A-negative strains of Helicobacter pylori as a potential risk factor of pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis based on nested case-control studies. Pancreas 44, 1340-1344. 

  31. Cheng, W. T., Kantilal, H. K. and Davamani, F. 2020. The mechanism of Bacteroides fragilis toxin contributes to colon cancer formation. Malays. J. Med. Sci. 27, 9. 

  32. Cheng, Y., Ling, Z. and Li, L. 2020. The intestinal micro- biota and colorectal cancer. Front. Immunol. 11, 3100. 

  33. Choi, I. J., Kim, C. G., Lee, J. Y., Kim, Y. I., Kook, M. C., Park, B. and Joo, J. 2020. Family history of gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori treatment. N. Engl. J. Med. 382, 427-436. 

  34. Clapp, M., Aurora, N., Herrera, L., Bhatia, M., Wilen, E. and Wakefield, S. 2017. Gut microbiota's effect on mental health: The gut-brain axis. Clin. Pract. 7, 131-136. 

  35. Clements, W. M., Wang, J., Sarnaik, A., Kim, O. J., Mac Donald, J., Fenoglio-Preiser, C. and Lowy, A. M., et al. 2002. β-Catenin mutation is a frequent cause of Wnt pathway activation in gastric cancer. Cancer Res. 62, 3503-3506. 

  36. Coker, O. O., Dai, Z., Nie, Y., Zhao, G., Cao, L., Nakatsu, G. and Yu, J., et al. 2018. Mucosal microbiome dysbiosis in gastric carcinogenesis. Gut 67, 1024-1032. 

  37. Coletta, R. D., Yeudall, W. A. and Salo, T. 2020. Grand challenges in oral cancers. Front. Oral Health 1, 3. 

  38. Correa, P. and Piazuelo, M. B. 2011. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric adenocarcinoma. Front. Oral Health 7, 59. 

  39. Cougnoux, A., Dalmasso, G., Martinez, R., Buc, E., Delmas, J., Gibold, L. and Bonnet, R., et al. 2014. Bacterial genotoxin colibactin promotes colon tumour growth by inducing a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Gut 63, 1932-1942. 

  40. Cremonesi, E., Governa, V., Garzon, J. F. G., Mele, V., Amicarella, F., Muraro, M. G. and Iezzi, G., et al. 2018. Gut microbiota modulate T cell trafficking into human colorectal cancer. Gut 67, 1984-1994. 

  41. Crump, J. A. and Oo, W. T. 2021. Salmonella Typhi Vi polysaccharide conjugate vaccine protects infants and children against typhoid fever. Lancet 398, 643-644. 

  42. Dai, Z., Zhang, J., Wu, Q., Fang, H., Shi, C., Li, Z. and Wang, D., et al. 2020. Intestinal microbiota: a new force in cancer immunotherapy. Cell Commun. Signal. 18, 1-16. 

  43. De Martel, C., Ferlay, J., Franceschi, S., Vignat, J., Bray, F., Forman, D. and Plummer, M. 2012. Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol. 13, 607-615. 

  44. de Martel, C., Llosa, A. E., Friedmana, G. D., Vogelman, J. H., Orentreich, N., Stolzenberg-Solomon, R. Z. and Parsonnet, J. 2008. Helicobacter pylori infection and development of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 17, 1188-1194. 

  45. De Martel, C., Plummer, M., Parsonnet, J., Van Doorn, L. J. and Franceschi, S. 2009. Helicobacter species in cancers of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tract. Lancet Oncol. 100, 194-199. 

  46. de Oliveira, G. L. V., Leite, A. Z., Higuchi, B. S., Gonzaga, M. I. and Mariano, V. S. 2017. Intestinal dysbiosis and probiotic applications in autoimmune diseases. Immunology 152, 1-12. 

  47. Dejea, C. M., Fathi, P., Craig, J. M., Boleij, A., Taddese, R., Geis, A. L. and Sears, C. L., et al. 2018. Patients with familial adenomatous polyposis harbor colonic biofilms containing tumorigenic bacteria. Science 359, 592-597. 

  48. Derosa, L., Routy, B., Kroemer, G. and Zitvogel, L. 2018. The intestinal microbiota determines the clinical efficacy of immune checkpoint blockers targeting PD-1/PD-L1. Oncoimmunology 7, e1434468. 

  49. Di Domenico, E. G., Cavallo, I., Pontone, M., Toma, L. and Ensoli, F. 2017. Biofilm producing Salmonella typhi: chronic colonization and development of gallbladder cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18, 1887. 

  50. Di Virgilio, F., Jiang, L. H., Roger, S., Falzoni, S., Sarti, A. C., Vultaggio-Poma, V. and Adinolfi, E., et al. 2019. Structure, function and techniques of investigation of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) in mammalian cells. Meth. Enzymol. 629, 115-150. 

  51. Dickson, I. 2018. Microbiome promotes pancreatic cancer. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 15, 328-328. 

  52. Dzutsev, A., Badger, J. H., Perez-Chanona, E., Roy, S., Salcedo, R., Smith, C. K. and Trinchieri, G. 2017. Microbes and cancer. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 35, 199-228. 

  53. Dzutsev, A., Goldszmid, R. S., Viaud, S., Zitvogel, L. and Trinchieri, G. 2015. The role of the microbiota in inflammation, carcinogenesis, and cancer therapy. Eur. J. Immunol. 45, 17-31. 

  54. Eisenhauer, E. A., Therasse, P., Bogaerts, J., Schwartz, L. H., Sargent, D., Ford, R. and Verweij, J., et al. 2009. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur. J. Cancer 45, 228-247. 

  55. El, H. B. 2011. Serag,"Hepatocellular carcinoma,". N. Engl. J. Med. 365, 1118-1127. 

  56. El-Omar, E. M., Carrington, M., Chow, W. H., McColl, K. E., Bream, J. H., Young, H. A. and Rabkin, C. S.m re al. 2000. Interleukin-1 polymorphisms associated with increased risk of gastric cancer. Nature 404, 398-402. 

  57. El-Omar, E. M., Carrington, M., Chow, W. H., McColl, K. E., Bream, J. H., Young, H. A. and Rabkin, C. S., et al. 2001. correction: The role of interleukin-1 poly- morphisms in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. Nature 412, 99. 

  58. Ellmeier, W. and Seiser, C. 2018. Histone deacetylase function in CD4+ T cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 18, 617-634. 

  59. Eun, C. S., Kim, B. K., Han, D. S., Kim, S. Y., Kim, K. M., Choi, B. Y. and Kim, J. F., et al. 2014. Differences in gastric mucosal microbiota profiling in patients with chronic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric cancer using pyrosequencing methods. Helicobacter 19, 407-416. 

  60. Evans, T., Faircloth, M. A. T. T. H. E. W., Deery, A., Thomas, V., Turner, A. and Dalgleish, A. 1997. Analysis of K-ras gene mutations in human pancreatic cancer cell lines and in bile samples from patients with pancreatic and biliary cancers. Oncol. Rep. 4, 1373-1381. 

  61. Fan, X., Alekseyenko, A. V., Wu, J., Peters, B. A., Jacobs, E. J., Gapstur, S. M. and Ahn, J., et al. 2018. Human oral microbiome and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer: a population-based nested case-control study. Gut 67, 120-127. 

  62. Farrell, J. J., Zhang, L., Zhou, H., Chia, D., Elashoff, D., Akin, D. and Wong, D. T., et al. 2012. Variations of oral microbiota are associated with pancreatic diseases including pancreatic cancer. Gut 61, 582-588. 

  63. Fellows, R., Denizot, J., Stellato, C., Cuomo, A., Jain, P., Stoyanova, E. and Varga-Weisz, P., et al. 2018. Microbiota derived short chain fatty acids promote histone crotonylation in the colon through histone deacetylases. Nat. Commun. 9, 1-15. 

  64. Feng, Q., Liang, S., Jia, H., Stadlmayr, A., Tang, L., Lan, Z. and Wang, J., et al. 2015. Gut microbiome development along the colorectal adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Nat. Commun. 6, 1-13. 

  65. Ferreira, R. M., Pereira-Marques, J., Pinto-Ribeiro, I., Costa, J. L., Carneiro, F., Machado, J. C. and Figueiredo, C. 2018. Gastric microbial community profiling reveals a dysbiotic cancer-associated microbiota. Gut 67, 226-236. 

  66. Forman, D., Newell, D. G., Fullerton, F., Yarnell, J. W., Stacey, A. R., Wald, N. and Sitas, F. 1991. Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. Br. Med. J. 302, 1302-1305. 

  67. Franco, A. T., Israel, D. A., Washington, M. K., Krishna, U., Fox, J. G., Rogers, A. B. and Peek, R. M., et al. 2005. Activation of β-catenin by carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 102, 10646-10651. 

  68. Frankel, A. E., Coughlin, L. A., Kim, J., Froehlich, T. W., Xie, Y., Frenkel, E. P. and Koh, A. Y. 2017. Metagenomic shotgun sequencing and unbiased metabolomic profiling identify specific human gut microbiota and metabolites associated with immune checkpoint therapy efficacy in melanoma patients. Neoplasia 19, 848-855. 

  69. Galvao-Moreira, L. V. and da Cruz, M. C. F. N. 2016. Oral microbiome, periodontitis and risk of head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol. 53, 17-19. 

  70. Ganesan, A., Moon, T. C. and Barakat, K. H. 2018. Revealing the atomistic details behind the binding of B7-1 to CD28 and CTLA-4: A comprehensive protein-protein modelling study. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 1862, 2764-2778. 

  71. Gao, Z., Guo, B., Gao, R., Zhu, Q., Wu, W. and Qin, H. 2015. Probiotics modify human intestinal mucosa-associated microbiota in patients with colorectal cancer. Mol. Med. Rep. 12, 6119-6127. 

  72. Garrett, W. S. 2019. The gut microbiota and colon cancer. Science 364, 1133-1135. 

  73. Gately, S. 2019. Human microbiota and personalized cancer treatments: role of commensal microbes in treatment outcomes for cancer patients, pp. 253-264. In: Von Hoff, D., Han, H. (eds.), Precision Medicine in Cancer Therapy. Springer, Cham. 

  74. Gawin, A., Wex, T., Lawniczak, M., Malfertheiner, P. and Starzynska, T. 2012. Helicobacter pylori infection in pancreatic cancer. Pol. Merkur. Lekarski. 32, 103-107. 

  75. Geller, L. T. and Straussman, R. 2018. Intratumoral bacteria may elicit chemoresistance by metabolizing anticancer agents. Mol. Cell. Oncol. 5, e1405139. 

  76. Geller, L. T., Barzily-Rokni, M., Danino, T., Jonas, O. H., Shental, N., Nejman, D. and Straussman, R., et al. 2017. Potential role of intratumor bacteria in mediating tumor resistance to the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine. Science 357, 1156-1160. 

  77. Ghosh, S. K. and Weinberg, A. 2016. When Mr. Fap meets the gals. Cell Host Microbe 20, 125-126. 

  78. Gonciarz, W., Krupa, A., Hinc, K., Obuchowski, M., Moran, A. P., Gajewski, A. and Chmiela, M. 2019. The effect of Helicobacter pylori infection and different H. pylori components on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric epithelial cells and fibroblasts. PLoS One 14, e0220636. 

  79. Gong, D., Gong, X., Wang, L., Yu, X. and Dong, Q. 2016. Involvement of reduced microbial diversity in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2016, 6951091. 

  80. Gopalakrishnan, V., Spencer, C. N., Nezi, L., Reuben, A., Andrews, M. C., Karpinets, T. V. and Wargo, J. A., et al. 2018. Gut microbiome modulates response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in melanoma patients. Science 359, 97-103. 

  81. Grivennikov, S. I. 2013, March. Inflammation and colorectal cancer: colitis-associated neoplasia, pp. 229-244. In: Seminars in immunopathology. Springer-Verlag. 

  82. Groot, H. E., van de Vegte, Y. J., Verweij, N., Lipsic, E., Karper, J. C. and van der Harst, P. 2020. Human genetic determinants of the gut microbiome and their associations with health and disease: a phenome-wide association study. Sci. Rep. 10, 1-11. 

  83. Gruner, N. and Mattner, J. 2021. Bile acids and micro- biota: multifaceted and versatile regulators of the liver-gut axis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 1397. 

  84. Gur, C., Ibrahim, Y., Isaacson, B., Yamin, R., Abed, J., Gamliel, M. and Mandelboim, O., et al. 2015. Binding of the Fap2 protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum to human inhibitory receptor TIGIT protects tumors from immune cell attack. Immunity 42, 344-355. 

  85. Gurung, M., Li, Z., You, H., Rodrigues, R., Jump, D. B., Morgun, A. and Shulzhenko, N. 2020. Role of gut micro- biota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology. EBioMedicine 51, 102590. 

  86. Hahn, A. W., Froerer, C., VanAlstine, S., Rathi, N., Bailey, E. B., Stenehjem, D. D. and Agarwal, N. 2018. Targeting Bacteroides in stool microbiome and response to treatment with first-line VEGF tyrosine kinase inhibitors in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. Clin. Genitourin. Cancer 16, 365-368. 

  87. Hakozaki, T., Richard, C., Elkrief, A., Hosomi, Y., Benlaifaoui, M., Mimpen, I. and Okuma, Y. 2020., et al. The gut microbiome associates with immune checkpoint inhibition outcomes in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol. Res. 8, 1243-1250. 

  88. Handa, O., Naito, Y. and Yoshikawa, T. 2007. CagA protein of Helicobacter pylori: a hijacker of gastric epithelial cell signaling. Biochem. Pharmacol. 73, 1697-1702. 

  89. Hatakeyama, M. 2017. Structure and function of Helicobacter pylori CagA, the first-identified bacterial protein involved in human cancer. Proc. Jpn. Acad. B: Phys. Biol. Sci. 93, 196-219. 

  90. Helmink, B. A., Khan, M. W., Hermann, A., Gopalakrishnan, V. and Wargo, J. A. 2019. The microbiome, can- cer, and cancer therapy. Nat. Med. 25, 377-388. 

  91. How, K. Y., Song, K. P. and Chan, K. G. 2016. Porphyromonas gingivalis: an overview of periodontopathic pathogen below the gum line. Front. Microbiol. 7, 53. 

  92. Huang, Y., Fan, X. G., Wang, Z. M., Zhou, J. H., Tian, X. F. and Li, N. 2004. Identification of helicobacter species in human liver samples from patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Clin. Pathol. 57, 1273-1277. 

  93. Iida, N., Dzutsev, A., Stewart, C. A., Smith, L., Bouladoux, N., Weingarten, R. A. and Goldszmid, R. S., et al. 2013. Commensal bacteria control cancer response to therapy by modulating the tumor microenvironment. Science 342, 967-970. 

  94. Ikenoue, T., Ijichi, H., Kato, N., Kanai, F., Masaki, T., Rengifo, W. and Omata, M., et al. 2002. Analysis of the β- catenin/T cell factor signaling pathway in 36 gastrointestinal and liver cancer cells. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 93, 1213-1220. 

  95. Inaba, H., Sugita, H., Kuboniwa, M., Iwai, S., Hamada, M., Noda, T. and Amano, A., et al. 2014. P orphyromonas gingivalis promotes invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma through induction of pro MMP 9 and its activation. Cell. Microbiol. 16, 131-145. 

  96. Ishaq, S. and Nunn, L. 2015. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer: a state of the art review. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Bed Bench 8, S6. 

  97. Jasperson, K. W., Tuohy, T. M., Neklason, D. W. and Burt, R. W. 2010. Hereditary and familial colon cancer. Gastroenterology 138, 2044-2058. 

  98. Jung, Y. S. and Park, J. I. 2020. Wnt signaling in cancer: therapeutic targeting of Wnt signaling beyond β-catenin and the destruction complex. Exp. Mol. Med. 52, 183-191. 

  99. Kamimura, N., Wolf, A. M. and Iwai, Y. 2019. Development of cancer immunotherapy targeting the PD-1 pathway. J. Nippon Med. Sch. 86, 10-14. 

  100. Karpinski, T. M. 2019. Role of oral microbiota in cancer development. Microorganisms 7, 20. 

  101. Katz, J., Onate, M. D., Pauley, K. M., Bhattacharyya, I. and Cha, S. 2011. Presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in gingival squamous cell carcinoma. Int. J. Oral Sci. 3, 209-215. 

  102. Koeppel, M., Garcia-Alcalde, F., Glowinski, F., Schlaermann, P. and Meyer, T. F. 2015. Helicobacter pylori infection causes characteristic DNA damage patterns in human cells. Cell Rep. 11, 1703-1713. 

  103. Koh, A., De Vadder, F., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P. and Backhed, F. 2016. From dietary fiber to host physiology: short-chain fatty acids as key bacterial metabolites. Cell 165, 1332-1345. 

  104. Komiya, Y., Shimomura, Y., Higurashi, T., Sugi, Y., Arimoto, J., Umezawa, S. and Nakajima, A., et al. 2019. Patients with colorectal cancer have identical strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum in their colorectal cancer and oral cavity. Gut 68, 1335-1337. 

  105. Kostic, A. D., Chun, E., Robertson, L., Glickman, J. N., Gallini, C. A., Michaud, M. and Garrett, W. S., et al. 2013. Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune micro- environment. Cell Host Microbe 14, 207-215. 

  106. Krautkramer, K. A., Dhillon, R. S., Denu, J. M. and Carey, H. V. 2017. Metabolic programming of the epi- genome: host and gut microbial metabolite interactions with host chromatin. Transl. Res. 189, 30-50. 

  107. Krautkramer, K. A., Kreznar, J. H., Romano, K. A., Vivas, E. I., Barrett-Wilt, G. A., Rabaglia, M. E. and Denu, J. M., et al. 2016. Diet-microbiota interactions mediate global epigenetic programming in multiple host tissues. Mol. Cell 64, 982-992. 

  108. Krumm, A., Barckhausen, C., Kucuk, P., Tomaszowski, K. H., Loquai, C., Fahrer, J. and Roos, W. P., et al. 2016. Enhanced histone deacetylase activity in malignant melanoma provokes RAD51 and FANCD2-triggered drug resistance. Cancer Res. 76, 3067-3077. 

  109. Kumar, V., Patel, S., Tcyganov, E. and Gabrilovich, D. I. 2016. The nature of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment. Trends Immunol. 37, 208-220. 

  110. Kunin, V., Engelbrektson, A., Ochman, H. and Hugenholtz, P. 2010. Wrinkles in the rare biosphere: pyrosequencing errors can lead to artificial inflation of diversity estimates. Environ. Microbiol. 12, 118-123. 

  111. Lee, W. H., Chen, H. M., Yang, S. F., Liang, C., Peng, C. Y., Lin, F. M. and Jong, Y. J., et al. 2017. Bacterial alterations in salivary microbiota and their association in oral cancer. Sci. Rep. 7, 1-11. 

  112. Levy, M., Kolodziejczyk, A. A., Thaiss, C. A. and Elinav, E. 2017. Dysbiosis and the immune system. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 17, 219-232. 

  113. Li, X. X., Wong, G. L. H., To, K. F., Wong, V. W. S., Lai, L. H., Chow, D. K. L. and Ding, C., et al. 2009. Bacterial microbiota profiling in gastritis without Helicobacter pylori infection or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. PLoS One 4, e7985. 

  114. Lin, R. S., Lee, F. Y., Lee, S. D., Tsai, Y. T., Lin, H. C., Rei-Hwa, L. and Kwang-Juei, L., et al. 1995. Endotoxemia in patients with chronic liver diseases: relationship to severity of liver diseases, presence of esophaegeal varices, and hyperdynamic circulation. J. Hepatol. 22, 165-172. 

  115. Lindkvist, B., Johansen, D., Borgstrom, A. and Manjer, J. 2008. A prospective study of Helicobacter pylori in relation to the risk for pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 8, 1-9. 

  116. Ling, Z., Shao, L., Liu, X., Cheng, Y., Yan, C., Mei, Y., and Liu, X., et al. 2019. Regulatory T cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells within the tumor microenvironment in gastric cancer are correlated with gastric microbiota dysbiosis: a preliminary study. Front. Immunol. 10, 533. 

  117. Liu, L., Wang, K., Zhu, Z. M. and Shao, J. H. 2011. Associations between P53 Arg72Pro and development of digestive tract cancers: a meta-analysis. Arch. Med. Res. 42, 60-69. 

  118. Liu, Q., Li, F., Zhuang, Y., Xu, J., Wang, J., Mao, X., and Liu, X., et al. 2019. Alteration in gut microbiota associated with hepatitis B and non-hepatitis virus related hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut Pathog. 11, 1-13. 

  119. Liu, X. B., Gao, Z. Y., Sun, C. T., Wen, H., Gao, B., Li, S. B. and Tong, Q. 2019. The potential role of P. gingivalis in gastrointestinal cancer: a mini review. Infect. Agents Cancer 14, 1-7. 

  120. Liu, X., Shao, L., Liu, X., Ji, F., Mei, Y., Cheng, Y. and Ling, Z., et al. 2019. Alterations of gastric mucosal microbiota across different stomach microhabitats in a cohort of 276 patients with gastric cancer. EBioMedicine 40, 336-348. 

  121. Liu, Z., Gerner, M. Y., Van Panhuys, N., Levine, A. G., Rudensky, A. Y. and Germain, R. N. 2015. Immune homeostasis enforced by co-localized effector and regulatory T cells. Nature 528, 225-230. 

  122. Livyatan, I., Nejman, D., Shental, N. and Straussman, R. 2020. Characterization of the human tumor microbiome reveals tumor-type specific intra-cellular bacteria. Onco Immunology 9, 1800957. 

  123. Lu, H., Ren, Z., Li, A., Zhang, H., Jiang, J., Xu, S. and Li, L., et al. 2016. Deep sequencing reveals microbiota dysbiosis of tongue coat in patients with liver carcinoma. Sci. Rep. 6, 33142. 

  124. Lu, M., Xuan, S. and Wang, Z. 2019. Oral microbiota: A new view of body health. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 8, 8-15. 

  125. Lundgren, A., Stromberg, E., Sjoling, A., Lindholm, C., Enarsson, K., Edebo, A. and Lundin, B. S., et al. 2005. Mucosal FOXP3-expressing CD4+ CD25high regulatory T cells in Helicobacter pylori-infected patients. Infect. Immun. 73, 523-531. 

  126. Lundgren, A., Suri-Payer, E., Enarsson, K., Svennerholm, A. M. and Lundin, B. S. 2003. Helicobacter pylori-specific CD4+ CD25high regulatory T cells suppress memory T-cell responses to H. pylori in infected individuals. Infect. Immun. 71, 1755-1762. 

  127. Luu, M., Steinhoff, U. and Visekruna, A. 2017. Functional heterogeneity of gut-resident regulatory T cells. Clin. Transl. Immunol. 6, e156. 

  128. Luu, M., Weigand, K., Wedi, F., Breidenbend, C., Leister, H., Pautz, S. and Visekruna, A., et al. 2018. Regulation of the effector function of CD8+ T cells by gut micro- biota-derived metabolite butyrate. Sci. Rep. 8, 1-10. 

  129. Lerias, J. R., Paraschoudi, G., de Sousa, E., Martins, J., Condeco, C., Figueiredo, N. and Maeurer, M., et al. 2020. Microbes as master immunomodulators: immunopathology, cancer and personalized immunotherapies. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 7, 362. 

  130. Macfarlane, G., Boyle, P. and Scully, C. 1987. Rising mortality from cancer of the tongue in young Scottish males. Lancet 330, 912. 

  131. Maekawa, T., Fukaya, R., Takamatsu, S., Itoyama, S., Fukuoka, T., Yamada, M. and Miyoshi, E., et al. 2018. Possible involvement of Enterococcus infection in the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis and cancer. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 506, 962-969. 

  132. Mager, D. L., Haffajee, A. D., Devlin, P. M., Norris, C. M., Posner, M. R. and Goodson, J. M. 2005. The salivary microbiota as a diagnostic indicator of oral cancer: a descriptive, non-randomized study of cancer-free and oral squamous cell carcinoma subjects. J. Transl. Med. 3, 1-8. 

  133. Manente, L., Perna, A., Buommino, E., Altucci, L., Lucariello, A., Citro, G. and De Luca, A., et al. 2008. The Helicobacter pylori's protein VacA has direct effects on the regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 214, 582-587. 

  134. Mantovani, A., Allavena, P., Sica, A. and Balkwill, F. 2008. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature 454, 436-444. 

  135. Mao, S., Park, Y., Hasegawa, Y., Tribble, G. D., James, C. E., Handfield, M. and Lamont, R. J., et al. 2007. Intrinsic apoptotic pathways of gingival epithelial cells modulated by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Cell. Microbiol. 9, 1997-2007. 

  136. Matson, V., Fessler, J., Bao, R., Chongsuwat, T., Zha, Y., Alegre, M. L. and Gajewski, T. F., et al. 2018. The com- mensal microbiome is associated with anti-PD-1 efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients. Science 359, 104-108. 

  137. McCoy, A. N., Araujo-Perez, F., Azcarate-Peril, A., Yeh, J. J., Sandler, R. S. and Keku, T. O. 2013. Fusobacterium is associated with colorectal adenomas. PLoS One 8, e53653. 

  138. Michaud, D. S., Izard, J., Wilhelm-Benartzi, C. S., You, D. H., Grote, V. A., Tjonneland, A. and Riboli, E., et al. 2013. Plasma antibodies to oral bacteria and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large European prospective cohort study. Gut 62, 1764-1770. 

  139. Migiyama, Y., Anai, M., Kashiwabara, K., Tomita, Y., Saeki, S., Nakamura, K. and Kohrogi, H., et al. 2018. Lung abscess following bronchoscopy due to multidrug-resistant Capnocytophaga sputigena adjacent to lung cancer with high PD-L1 expression. J. Infect. Chemother. 24, 852-855. 

  140. Miller, A. K. and Williams, S. M. 2021. Helicobacter pylori infection causes both protective and deleterious effects in human health and disease. Genes Immun. 22, 218-226. 

  141. Mishra, G. S. and Bhatt, S. H. 2017. Novel program of using village health workers in early detection and aware- ness of head and neck cancers: Audit of a community screening program. Indian J. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 69, 488-493. 

  142. Mitchell, D. R., Derakhshan, M. H., Wirz, A. A., Orange, C., Ballantyne, S. A., Going, J. J. and McColl, K. E. 2017. The gastric acid pocket is attenuated in H. pylori infected subjects. Gut 66, 1555-1562. 

  143. Mitsuhashi, K., Nosho, K., Sukawa, Y., Matsunaga, Y., Ito, M., Kurihara, H. and Shinomura, Y., et al. 2015. Association of Fusobacterium species in pancreatic cancer tissues with molecular features and prognosis. Oncotarget 6, 7209. 

  144. Nagy, K. N., Sonkodi, I., Szoke, I., Nagy, E. and Newman, H. N. 1998. The microflora associated with human oral carcinomas. Oral Oncol. 34, 304-308. 

  145. Nistal, E., Fernandez-Fernandez, N., Vivas, S. and Olcoz, J. L. 2015. Factors determining colorectal cancer: the role of the intestinal microbiota. Front. Oncol. 5, 220. 

  146. Nolan, J. P. 2010. The role of intestinal endotoxin in liver injury: a long and evolving history. Hepatology 52, 1829-1835. 

  147. Nomura, A., Stemmermann, G. N., Chyou, P. H., Kato, I., Perez-Perez, G. I. and Blaser, M. J. 1991. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 1132-1136. 

  148. Oh, B., Boyle, F., Pavlakis, N., Clarke, S., Guminski, A., Eade, T. and Back, M., et al. 2021. Emerging evidence of the gut microbiome in chemotherapy: a clinical review. Front. Oncol. 11, 706331. 

  149. Okumura, S., Konishi, Y., Narukawa, M., Sugiura, Y., Yoshimoto, S., Arai, Y. and Hara, E., et al. 2021. Gut bacteria identified in colorectal cancer patients promote tumourigenesis via butyrate secretion. Nat. Commun. 12, 1-14. 

  150. Ooi, C. H., Ivanova, T., Wu, J., Lee, M., Tan, I. B., Tao, J. and Tan, P., et al. 2009. Oncogenic pathway combinations predict clinical prognosis in gastric cancer. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000676. 

  151. Orth, M., Metzger, P., Gerum, S., Mayerle, J., Schneider, G., Belka, C. and Lauber, K., et al. 2019. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: biological hallmarks, current status, and future perspectives of combined modality treatment approaches. Radiat. Oncol. 14, 1-20. 

  152. Ogrendik, M. 2016. Periodontal pathogens in the etiology of pancreatic cancer. Gastrointest. Tumors 3, 125-127. 

  153. Prassolov, V. S., Sakamoto, H., Nishimura, S., Terada, M. and Sugimura, T. 1985. Activation of c-Ki-ras gene in human pancreatic cancer. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 76, 792-795. 

  154. Parhi, L., Alon-Maimon, T., Sol, A., Nejman, D., Shhadeh, A., Fainsod-Levi, T. and Bachrach, G., et al. 2020. Breast cancer colonization by Fusobacterium nucleatum accelerates tumor growth and metastatic progression. Nat. Commun. 11, 1-12. 

  155. Parkin, D. M. 2006. The global health burden of infection-associated cancers in the year 2002. Int. J. Cancer Res. 118, 3030-3044. 

  156. Parsonnet, J., Friedman, G. D., Vandersteen, D. P., Chang, Y., Vogelman, J. H., Orentreich, N. and Sibley, R. K. 1991. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 1127-1131. 

  157. Parsonnet, J., Hansen, S., Rodriguez, L., Gelb, A. B., Warnke, R. A., Jellum, E. and Friedman, G. D., et al. 1994. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 330, 1267-1271. 

  158. Peek, R. M. and Blaser, M. J. 2002. Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal tract adenocarcinomas. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2, 28-37. 

  159. Pereira-Marques, J., Ferreira, R. M., Pinto-Ribeiro, I. and Figueiredo, C. 2019. Helicobacter pylori infection, the gastric microbiome and gastric cancer, pp. 195-210. In: Kamiya, S., Backert, S. (eds.), Helicobacter pylori in Human Diseases, Springer, Cham. 

  160. Perera, M., Al-Hebshi, N. N., Speicher, D. J., Perera, I. and Johnson, N. W. 2016. Emerging role of bacteria in oral carcinogenesis: a review with special reference to perio-pathogenic bacteria. J. Oral Microbiol. 8, 32762. 

  161. Pico-Monllor, J. A. and Mingot-Ascencao, J. M. 2019. Search and selection of probiotics that improve mucositis symptoms in oncologic patients. A systematic review. Nutrients 11, 2322. 

  162. Polk, D. B. and Peek, R. M. 2010. Helicobacter pylori: gastric cancer and beyond. Nat. Rev. Cancer 10, 403-414. 

  163. Ponziani, F. R., Bhoori, S., Castelli, C., Putignani, L., Rivoltini, L., Del Chierico, F. and Mazzaferro, V., et al. 2019. Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with gut microbiota profile and inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 69, 107-120. 

  164. Pushalkar, S., Hundeyin, M., Daley, D., Zambirinis, C. P., Kurz, E., Mishra, A. and Miller, G., et al. 2018. The pancreatic cancer microbiome promotes oncogenesis by induction of innate and adaptive immune suppression. Cancer Discov. 8, 403-416. 

  165. Pushalkar, S., Ji, X., Li, Y., Estilo, C., Yegnanarayana, R., Singh, B. and Saxena, D., et al. 2012. Comparison of oral microbiota in tumor and non-tumor tissues of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Microbiol. 12, 1-15. 

  166. Qiu, Q., Lin, Y., Ma, Y., Li, X., Liang, J., Chen, Z. and Luo, L., et al, 2021. Exploring the emerging role of the gut microbiota and tumor microenvironment in cancer immunotherapy. Front. Immunol. 11, 3399. 

  167. Risch, H. A., Lu, L., Kidd, M. S., Wang, J., Zhang, W., Ni, Q. and Yu, H., et al. 2014. Helicobacter pylori seropositivities and risk of pancreatic carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 23, 172-178. 

  168. Routy, B., Le Chatelier, E., Derosa, L., Duong, C. P., Alou, M. T., Daillere, R. and Zitvogel, L., et al. 2018. Gut micro- biome influences efficacy of PD-1-based immunotherapy against epithelial tumors. Science 359, 91-97. 

  169. Rubinstein, M. R., Baik, J. E., Lagana, S. M., Han, R. P., Raab, W. J., Sahoo, D. and Han, Y. W., et al. 2019. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal cancer by inducing Wnt/β-catenin modulator Annexin A1. EMBO Rep. 20, e47638. 

  170. Rubinstein, M. R., Wang, X., Liu, W., Hao, Y., Cai, G. and Han, Y. W. 2013. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by modulating E-cadherin/β-catenin signaling via its FadA adhesin. Cell Host Microbe 14, 195-206. 

  171. Shanks, A. M. and El-Omar, E. M. 2009. Helicobacter pylori infection, host genetics and gastric cancer. J. Dig. Dis. 10, 157-164. 

  172. Saffarian, A., Mulet, C., Regnault, B., Amiot, A., Tran-Van-Nhieu, J., Ravel, J. and Pedron, T., et al. 2019. Cryptand mucosa-associated core microbiotas in humans and their alteration in colon cancer patients. MBio 10, e01315-19. 

  173. Sakamoto, H., Naito, H., Ohta, Y., Tanakna, R., Maeda, N., Sasaki, J. and Nord, C. E. 1999. Isolation of bacteria from cervical lymph nodes in patients with oral cancer. Arch. Oral Biol. 44, 789-793. 

  174. Salmaninejad, A., Valilou, S. F., Shabgah, A. G., Aslani, S., Alimardani, M., Pasdar, A. and Sahebkar, A. 2019. PD-1/PD-L1 pathway: Basic biology and role in cancer immunotherapy. J. Cell. Physiol. 234, 16824-16837. 

  175. Sasaki, M., Yamaura, C., Ohara-Nemoto, Y., Tajika, S., Kodama, Y., Ohya, T. and Kimura, S., et al. 2005. Streptococcus anginosus infection in oral cancer and its infection route. Oral Dis. 11, 151-156. 

  176. Saxena, A., Mukhopadhyay, A. K. and Nandi, S. P. 2020. Helicobacter pylori: Perturbation and restoration of gut microbiome. J. Biosci. 45, 1-15. 

  177. Sayehmiri, F., Sayehmiri, K., Asadollahi, K., Soroush, S., Bogdanovic, L., Jalilian, F. A. and Taherikalani, M., et al. 2015. The prevalence rate of Porphyromonas gingivalis and its association with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 

  178. Schantz, S. P. and Yu, G. P. 2002. Head and neck cancer incidence trends in young Americans, 1973-1997, with a special analysis for tongue cancer. Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 128, 268-274. 

  179. International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1994. Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. IARC working troup on the evaluation of carcinogenic resks to humans. IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks Hum. 61, 218-220. 

  180. Schulte, A., Pandeya, N., Fawcett, J., Fritschi, L., Risch, H. A., Webb, P. M. and Neale, R. E., et al. 2015. Association between Helicobacter pylori and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 26, 1027-1035. 

  181. Scott, D. R., Weeks, D., Hong, C., Postius, S., Melchers, K. and Sachs, G. 1998. The role of internal urease in acid resistance of Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 114, 58-70. 

  182. Sears, C. L. and Garrett, W. S. 2014. Microbes, micro- biota, and colon cancer. Cell Host Microbe 15, 317-328. 

  183. Sears, C. L., Geis, A. L. and Housseau, F. 2014. Bacteroides fragilis subverts mucosal biology: from symbiont to colon carcinogenesis. J. Clin. Investig. 124, 4166-4172. 

  184. Shen, X. J., Rawls, J. F., Randall, T. A., Burcall, L., Mpande, C., Jenkins, N. and Keku, T. O., et al. 2010. Molecular characterization of mucosal adherent bacteria and associations with colorectal adenomas. Gut Microbes 1, 138-147. 

  185. Sia, D., Villanueva, A., Friedman, S. L. and Llovet, J. M. 2017. Liver cancer cell of origin, molecular class, and effects on patient prognosis. Gastroenterology 152, 745-761. 

  186. Silva, Y. P., Bernardi, A. and Frozza, R. L. 2020. The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication. Front. Endocrinol. 11, 25. 

  187. Sinn, B. V., Striefler, J. K., Rudl, M. A., Lehmann, A., Bahra, M., Denkert, C. and Riess, H., et al. 2014. KRAS mutations in codon 12 or 13 are associated with worse prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreas 43, 578-583. 

  188. Sivan, A., Corrales, L., Hubert, N., Williams, J. B., Aquino-Michaels, K., Earley, Z. M. and Gajewski, T. F., et al. 2015. Commensal Bifidobacterium promotes antitumor immunity and facilitates anti-PD-L1 efficacy. Science 350, 1084-1089. 

  189. Song, X., Xin, N., Wang, W. and Zhao, C. 2015. Wnt/β-catenin, an oncogenic pathway targeted by H. pylori in gastric carcinogenesis. Oncotarget 6, 35579. 

  190. Spitzer, M. H., Carmi, Y., Reticker-Flynn, N. E., Kwek, S. S., Madhireddy, D., Martins, M. M. and Engleman, E. G., et al. 2017. Systemic immunity is required for effective cancer immunotherapy. Cell 168, 487-502. 

  191. Su, L., Xu, Q., Zhang, P., Michalek, S. M. and Katz, J. 2017. Phenotype and function of myeloid-derived sup- pressor cells induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis infection. Infect. Immun. 85, e00213-17. 

  192. Supajatura, V., Ushio, H., Wada, A., Yahiro, K., Okumura, K., Ogawa, H. and Ra, C., et al. 2002. Cutting edge: VacA, a vacuolating cytotoxin of Helicobacter pylori, directly activates mast cells for migration and production of proinflammatory cytokines. J. Immunol. Res. 168, 2603-2607. 

  193. Sutton, P. and Boag, J. M. 2019. Status of vaccine re- search and development for Helicobacter pylori. Vaccine 37, 7295-7299. 

  194. Suzuki, N., Murata-Kamiya, N., Yanagiya, K., Suda, W., Hattori, M., Kanda, H. and Hatakeyama, M., et al. 2015. Mutual reinforcement of inflammation and carcinogenesis by the Helicobacter pylori CagA oncoprotein. Sci. Rep. 5, 1-14. 

  195. Takahashi-Kanemitsu, A., Knight, C. T. and Hatakeyama, M. 2020. Molecular anatomy and pathogenic actions of Helicobacter pylori CagA that underpin gastric carcinogenesis. Cell. Mol. Immunol. 17, 50-63. 

  196. Terrisse, S., Derosa, L., Iebba, V., Ghiringhelli, F., Vaz- Luis, I., Kroemer, G. and Zitvogel, L., et al. 2021. Intestinal microbiota influences clinical outcome and side effects of early breast cancer treatment. Cell Death Differ. 28, 2778-2796. 

  197. Tomkovich, S., Yang, Y., Winglee, K., Gauthier, J., Muhlbauer, M., Sun, X. and Jobin, C., et al. 2017. Locoregional effects of microbiota in a preclinical model of colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 77, 2620-2632. 

  198. Tonneau, M., Elkrief, A., Pasquier, D., Del Socorro, T. P., Chamaillard, M., Bahig, H. and Routy, B. 2021. The role of the gut microbiome on radiation therapy efficacy and gastrointestinal complications: a systematic review. Radiother. Oncol. 156, 1-9. 

  199. Torres, V. J., VanCompernolle, S. E., Sundrud, M. S., Unutmaz, D. and Cover, T. L. 2007. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin inhibits activation-induced proliferation of human T and B lymphocyte subsets. J. Immunol. Res. 179, 5433-5440. 

  200. Trikudanathan, G., Philip, A., Dasanu, C. A. and Baker, W. L. 2011. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and pancreatic cancer. A cumulative meta-analysis. Pancreas 12, 26-31. 

  201. Uemura, N., Okamoto, S., Yamamoto, S., Matsumura, N., Yamaguchi, S., Yamakido, M. and Schlemper, R. J., et al. 2001. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 784-789. 

  202. Urbaniak, C., Cummins, J., Brackstone, M., Macklaim, J. M., Gloor, G. B., Baban, C. K. and Reid, G., et al. 2014. Microbiota of human breast tissue. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 80, 3007-3014. 

  203. Uribe-Herranz, M., Rafail, S., Beghi, S., Gil-de-Gomez, L., Verginadis, I., Bittinger, K. and Facciabene, A., et al. 2020. Gut microbiota modulate dendritic cell antigen presentation and radiotherapy-induced antitumor immune response. J. Clin. Investig. 130, 466-479. 

  204. Velicer, C. M., Heckbert, S. R., Lampe, J. W., Potter, J. D., Robertson, C. A. and Taplin, S. H. 2004. Antibiotic use in relation to the risk of breast cancer. JAMA 291, 827-835. 

  205. Viaud, S., Saccheri, F., Mignot, G., Yamazaki, T., Daillere, R., Hannani, D. and Zitvogel, L., et al. 2013. The intestinal microbiota modulates the anticancer immune effects of cyclophosphamide. Science 342, 971-976. 

  206. Viljoen, K. S., Dakshinamurthy, A., Goldberg, P. and Blackburn, J. M. 2015. Quantitative profiling of colorectal cancer-associated bacteria reveals associations between fusobacterium spp., enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) and clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 10, e0119462. 

  207. Vetizou, M., Pitt, J. M., Daillere, R., Lepage, P., Waldsch- mitt, N., Flament, C. and Zitvogel, L., et al. 2015. Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade relies on the gut microbiota. Science 350, 1079-1084. 

  208. Wahlstrom, A., Sayin, S. I., Marschall, H. U. and Backhed, F. 2016. Intestinal crosstalk between bile acids and micro- biota and its impact on host metabolism. Cell Metab. 24, 41-50. 

  209. Wang, F., Meng, W., Wang, B. and Qiao, L. 2014. Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric inflammation and gastric cancer. Cancer Lett. 345, 196-202. 

  210. Wang, L., Zhou, J., Xin, Y., Geng, C., Tian, Z., Yu, X. and Dong, Q. 2016. Bacterial overgrowth and diversification of microbiota in gastric cancer. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 28, 261. 

  211. Wang, T., Cai, G., Qiu, Y., Fei, N., Zhang, M., Pang, X. and Zhao, L., et al. 2012. Structural segregation of gut microbiota between colorectal cancer patients and healthy volunteers. ISME J. 6, 320-329. 

  212. Wang, Y., Ma, R., Liu, F., Lee, S. A. and Zhang, L. 2018. Modulation of gut microbiota: a novel paradigm of enhancing the efficacy of programmed death-1 and programmed death ligand-1 blockade therapy. Front. Immunol. 9, 374. 

  213. Wang, Y., Zhang, F. C. and Wang, Y. J. 2014. Helicobacter pylori and pancreatic cancer risk: a meta-analysis based on 2,049 cases and 2,861 controls. Asian. Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 15, 4449-4454. 

  214. Warnakulasuriya, S., Mak, V. and Moller, H. 2007. Oral cancer survival in young people in South East England. Oral Oncol. 43, 982-986. 

  215. Watanabe, H., Miyagi, C., Yamaguchi, Y., Satomura, Y., Ohta, H., Motoo, Y. and Sawabu, N., et al. 1996. Detection of K-ras point mutations at codon 12 in pancreatic juice for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer by hybridization protection assay: a simple method for the determination of the types of point mutations. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 87, 466-474. 

  216. Wen, L., Mu, W., Lu, H., Wang, X., Fang, J., Jia, Y. and Cheng, B., et al. 2020. Porphyromonas gingivalis promotes oral squamous cell carcinoma progression in an immune microenvironment. J. Dent. Res. 99, 666-675. 

  217. Wick, E. C., Rabizadeh, S., Albesiano, E., Wu, X., Wu, S., Chan, J. and Sears, C. L., et al. 2014. Stat3 activation in murine colitis induced by enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 20, 821-834. 

  218. Wu, X., Wu, Y., He, L., Wu, L., Wang, X. and Liu, Z. 2018. Effects of the intestinal microbial metabolite butyrate on the development of colorectal cancer. J. Cancer 9, 2510. 

  219. Xavier, J. B., Young, V. B., Skufca, J., Ginty, F., Tester- man, T., Pearson, A. T. and Wargo, J. A., et al. 2020. The cancer microbiome: distinguishing direct and indirect effects requires a systemic view. Trends Cancer 6, 192-204. 

  220. Xiao, M., Wang, Y. and Gao, Y. 2013. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and pancreatic cancer development: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 8, e75559. 

  221. Yamamoto, Y., Fujisaki, J., Omae, M., Hirasawa, T. and Igarashi, M. 2015. Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancer: characteristics and endoscopic findings. J. Dig. Endosc. 27, 551-561. 

  222. Yan, X., Yang, M., Liu, J., Gao, R., Hu, J., Li, J. and Hu, S., et al. 2015. Discovery and validation of potential bacterial biomarkers for lung cancer. Am. J. Cancer Res. 5, 3111. 

  223. Yang, J., Zhou, X., Liu, X., Ling, Z. and Ji, F. 2021. Role of the gastric microbiome in gastric cancer: from carcinogenesis to treatment. Front. Microbiol. 12, 641322. 

  224. Yang, Y., Weng, W., Peng, J., Hong, L., Yang, L., Toiyama, Y. and Ma, Y., et al. 2017. Fusobacterium nucleatum increases proliferation of colorectal cancer cells and tumor development in mice by activating Toll-like receptor 4 signaling to nuclear Factor-κ B, and up-regulating expression of microRNA-21. Gastroenterology 152, 851-866. 

  225. Ye, P., Xing, H., Lou, F., Wang, K., Pan, Q., Zhou, X. and Li, D., et al. 2016. Histone deacetylase 2 regulates doxorubicin (Dox) sensitivity of colorectal cancer cells by targeting ABCB1 transcription. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 77, 613-621. 

  226. Yi, M., Qin, S., Chu, Q. and Wu, K. 2018. The role of gut microbiota in immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr. 7, 481. 

  227. Yilmaz, O., Jungas, T., Verbeke, P. and Ojcius, D. M. 2004. Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway contributes to survival of primary epithelial cells infected with the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect. Immun. 72, 3743-3751. 

  228. Yilmaz, O., Yao, L., Maeda, K., Rose, T. M., Lewis, E. L., Duman, M. and Ojcius, D. M., et al. 2008. ATP scavenging by the intracellular pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis inhibits P2X7-mediated host-cell apoptosis. Cell. Microbiol. 10, 863-875. 

  229. Yu, G., Murphy, G., Michel, A., Weinstein, S. J., Mannisto, S., Albanes, D. and Stolzenberg-Solomon, R. Z., et al. 2013. Seropositivity to Helicobacter pylori and risk of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 22, 2416-2419. 

  230. Yu, G., Torres, J., Hu, N., Medrano-Guzman, R., HerreraGoepfert, R., Humphrys, M. S. and Goldstein, A. M., et al. 2017. Molecular characterization of the human stomach microbiota in gastric cancer patients. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 7, 302. 

  231. Yu, L. X. and Schwabe, R. F. 2017. The gut microbiome and liver cancer: mechanisms and clinical translation. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 14, 527-539. 

  232. Yu, L. X., Yan, H. X., Liu, Q., Yang, W., Wu, H. P., Dong, W. and Wang, H. Y., et al. 2010. Endotoxin accumulation prevents carcinogen-induced apoptosis and promotes liver tumorigenesis in rodents. Hepatology 52, 1322-1333. 

  233. Yu, T., Guo, F., Yu, Y., Sun, T., Ma, D., Han, J. and Fang, J. Y., et al. 2017. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes chemoresistance to colorectal cancer by modulating autophagy. Cell 170, 548-563. 

  234. Yuan, X. L., Chen, L., Li, M. X., Dong, P., Xue, J., Wang, J. and Xu, D., et al. 2010. Elevated expression of Foxp3 in tumor-infiltrating Treg cells suppresses T-cell proliferation and contributes to gastric cancer progression in a COX-2-dependent manner. J. Clin. Immunol. 134, 277-288. 

  235. Zhang, H. L., Yu, L. X., Yang, W., Tang, L., Lin, Y., Wu, H. and Wang, H. Y., et al. 2012. Profound impact of gut homeostasis on chemically-induced pro-tumorigenic inflammation and hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. J. Hepatol. 57, 803-812. 

  236. Zhang, S., Shi, D., Li, M., Li, Y., Wang, X. and Li, W. 2019. The relationship between gastric microbiota and gastric disease. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 54, 391-396. 

  237. Zhang, S., Yang, Y., Weng, W., Guo, B., Cai, G., Ma, Y. and Cai, S. 2019. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes chemoresistance to 5-fluorouracil by upregulation of BIRC3 expression in colorectal cancer. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 38, 1-13. 

  238. Zhang, X., Li, C., Cao, W. and Zhang, Z. 2021. Alterations of Gastric Microbiota in Gastric Cancer and Precancerous Stages. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 11, 69. 

  239. Zhang, Y. and Wang, X. 2020. Targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in cancer. J. Hematol. Oncol. 13, 1-16. 

  240. Zhang, Z., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Tan, Q., Xie, C., Li, C. and Wang, M., et al. 2016. Silencing of histone deacetylase 2 suppresses malignancy for proliferation, migration, and invasion of glioblastoma cells and enhances temozolomide sensitivity. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 78, 1289-1296. 

  241. Zhao, H., Yu, Z., Zhao, L., He, M., Ren, J., Wu, H. and Wei, M., et al. 2016. HDAC2 overexpression is a poor prognostic factor of breast cancer patients with increased multidrug resistance-associated protein expression who received anthracyclines therapy. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 46, 893-902. 

  242. Zheng, D. W., Dong, X., Pan, P., Chen, K. W., Fan, J. X., Cheng, S. X. and Zhang, X. Z. 2019. Phage-guided modulation of the gut microbiota of mouse models of colorectal cancer augments their responses to chemotherapy. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 3, 717-728. 

  243. Zhu, P., Martin, E., Mengwasser, J., Schlag, P., Janssen, K. P. and Gottlicher, M. 2004. Induction of HDAC2 expression upon loss of APC in colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer Cell 5, 455-463. 

  244. Zilberstein, B., Quintanilha, A. G., Santos, M. A., Pajecki, D., Moura, E. G., Alves, P. R. A. and Gama-Rodrigues, J., et al. 2007. Digestive tract microbiota in healthy volunteers. Clinics 62, 47-54. 

  245. Zitvogel, L., Ma, Y., Raoult, D., Kroemer, G. and Gajewski, T. F. 2018. The microbiome in cancer immunotherapy: Diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. Science 359, 1366-1370. 

  246. Zoetendal, E. G., Vaughan, E. E. and De Vos, W. M. 2006. A microbial world within us. Mol. Microbiol. 59, 1639-1650. 

관련 콘텐츠

오픈액세스(OA) 유형

GOLD

오픈액세스 학술지에 출판된 논문

이 논문과 함께 이용한 콘텐츠

저작권 관리 안내
섹션별 컨텐츠 바로가기

AI-Helper ※ AI-Helper는 오픈소스 모델을 사용합니다.

AI-Helper 아이콘
AI-Helper
안녕하세요, AI-Helper입니다. 좌측 "선택된 텍스트"에서 텍스트를 선택하여 요약, 번역, 용어설명을 실행하세요.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.

선택된 텍스트

맨위로