[논문]산림유역의 계류수질 현황 및 계절적 변동 특성

남수연; 임홍근; 이기문; 최형태; 양현제; 김재훈

doi:10.15681/kswe.2022.38.5.220

[국내논문] 산림유역의 계류수질 현황 및 계절적 변동 특성
Characteristics on Seasonal Variation of Stream Water Quality on Upland Headwater Streams in Forested Catchments 원문보기

한국물환경학회지 = Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment, v.38 no.5, 2022년, pp.220 - 230

남수연 (국립산림과학원 산림환경보전연구부 도시숲연구과) , 임홍근 (국립산림과학원 산림환경보전연구부 도시숲연구과) , 이기문 (국립산림과학원 산림환경보전연구부 도시숲연구과) , 최형태 (국립산림과학원 산림환경보전연구부 도시숲연구과) , 양현제 (국립산림과학원 산림환경보전연구부 도시숲연구과) , 김재훈 (국립산림과학원 산림환경보전연구부 도시숲연구과)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Seasonal variability of water quality in the upland headwater streams in ten forested catchments (37.0~209.0 ha) was examined from April to November 2021. Here, seven physicochemical parameters were analyzed including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (T-N), total phosphorous (T-P), and BOD/TOC. The parameters were compared with those of lowerland rivers as middle and lower reaches within a watershed. The pH showed was low (6.4~6.9) during all the seasons, however, BOD and BOD/TOC in the fall season were 2-fold higher than in the spring and summer seasons. Based on environmental standards, the water quality level revealed that the upland headwater streams maintained the purity and cleanliness of water except for pH in the summer season. BOD/TOC of all the seasons and BOD of the fall season in the upland headwater streams were higher than that in the lowerland rivers, whereas the rest of the physicochemical parameters in the upland headwater streams were lower than that in the lowerland rivers. Additionally, the water quality level maintained the purity and cleanliness of water as "Good" in two reaches. The unique aspects of our study design enabled us to draw inferences about water quality characteristics with temporal and spatial analysis in upland headwater streams. This design will be useful for the long-term strategy of effective water quality management for integrated upland headwater streams and lowerland rivers within a watershed.

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표/그림 (11)

그림 Fig. 1. Locations topographies of sampled sites from F1 to F10 in the forested headwater catchments.
표 Table 1. Characteristics of sampled sites of upland headwater streams in forested catchments
표 Table 2. Living environmental standards of the rivers
표 Table 3. Summary table for upland headwater streams water quality in forested catchments during the monitoring period
그림 Fig. 2. Characteristics of upland headwater streams water quality in forested catchments for five categories, (a) geology, (b) forest, (c) altitude, (d) location, and (e) catchment area. (a) Geology is separated into an igneous rock (IR) and metamorphic rock (MR). (b) the forest is separated as broad-leaved deciduous forest (BF), evergreen broad-leaved forest (EF), and mixed forest (MF). (c) Altitude is separated as below and over the mean value of altitude (MA). (d) Location is separated as central region (CR) and southern region (SR). (e) The catchment area is separated as less and more than 100 ha. A two-sample Student’s t-test (pH, COD, and TOC in both geology and altitude, and pH and COD in both location and catchment area) with Mann-Whitney U test (rest of physicochemical parameters in four categories). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in the forest (pH, COD, and TOC) with Kruskal-Wallis test (rest of physicochemical parameters). Differences in lowercase letters above the bar graph indicate significant differences between each group (p<0.05).
그림 Fig. 3. Box plots for upland headwater the streams water quality in forested catchments during the monitoring period, spring (SP), summer (SU), and fall (FA). (a) pH, (b) EC, (c) BOD/TOC ratio, and (d) water quality concentrations (BOD, COD, TOC, T-N, and T-P). Lines within and adjacent to the box plots indicate the mean and standard deviation, respectively. Thick solid lines within the boxes indicate median values and the ends of the boxes represent the upper and lower quartiles. The whiskers represent the maximum and minimum values excluding outliers and dotted circles are outliers. Differences in lowercase letters above the box plot indicate significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis post-hoc test; p<0.05) between each group. Values above each box indicate the mean ± standard deviation.
그림 Fig. 4. Living environment standards of upland headwater streams in forested catchments with seasonal variations. The levels were referred to the river living environment standards.
그림 Fig. 5. Percentage distributions of living environmental standards (pH, BOD, COD, TOC, and T-P) for upland headwater streams in forested catchments with (a) spring, (b) summer, and (c) Fall.
표 Table 4. Summary table for lowerland rivers paired our upland headwater streams
그림 Fig. 6. Water quality between upland headwater streams (F) (this study) and lowerland rivers (R) (ref., NIER, 2022) with seasonal variations, (a) spring, (b) summer, and (c) fall. The physicochemical parameters were pH, EC, BOD/TOC ratio, and BOD, COD, TOC, T-N, and T-P concentrations. A two-sample Student's t-test (pH in spring, TN and TOC in summer, and pH, COD, and TOC in fall) and Mann-Whitney U test (rest of physicochemical parameters) are indicated in separate bold letters (a and b) above the bar graph (p<0.05).
그림 Fig. 7. Living environment standards between upland headwater streams (this study) and lowerland rivers (ref., NIER, 2022) during (a) spring, (b) summer, and (c) fall.

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