[논문]Information Verification Practices and Perception of Social Media Users on Fact-Checking Services

Rabby Q., Lavilles; January F., Naga; Mia Amor C., Tinam-isan; Julieto E., Perez; Eddie Bouy B., Palad

doi:10.1633/jistap.2023.11.1.1

Information Verification Practices and Perception of Social Media Users on Fact-Checking Services 원문보기

Journal of information science theory and practice : JISTaP, v.11 no.1, 2023년, pp.1 - 13

Rabby Q., Lavilles (College of Computer Studies, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology) , January F., Naga (College of Computer Studies, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology) , Mia Amor C., Tinam-isan (College of Computer Studies, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology) , Julieto E., Perez (College of Computer Studies, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology) , Eddie Bouy B., Palad (College of Computer Studies, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

This study determines how social media users (SMUs) verify the information they come across on the Internet. It determines SMUs' perception of online fact-checking services in terms of their ease of use, usefulness, and trust. By conducting a focus group discussion and key informant interviews, themes were derived in determining fact-checking practices while a survey was further conducted to determine such perceived ease of use, usefulness, and trust in fact-checking services. The thematic analysis revealed major information verification practices, such as cross-checking and verifying with other sources, inspecting comments and reactions, and confirming from personal and social networks. The results showed that SMUs considered fact-checking services easy to use. However, a concern was raised about their usefulness stemming from the delayed action in addressing the information issues that need to be verified. As to perceived trust, it was found that SMUs have reservations about fact-checking services. Finally, it is believed that fact-checking services are expected to be credible and need to be promoted to mitigate any form of fake news, particularly on social media platforms.

주제어

표/그림 (5)

그림 Fig. 1. Conceptual framework.
표 Table 1. Focus group discussions (FGDs) conducted
표 Table 2. General profile of the participants for individual interviews
그림 Fig. 2. Perceived ease of use and usefulness of fact-checking services.
표 Table 3. Summary of the perceived trust to fact-checking services

AI 본문요약
AI-Helper

제안 방법

For the perceived ease of use, usefulness, and trust, the researchers rehashed the 5-point scale into 3, where slightly agree to agree was grouped and converted as agree, and the same applies to the disagree scale. This scale simplified the number of participants who tended to slightly agree or to agree into one group.
The initial survey was conducted in Iligan City, Philippines to test the possible responses of the participants. The survey was then revised to eliminate confusing questions and add additional options on news sources shared on social media.

대상 데이터

For the survey data, a total of 685 respondents participated in the survey. The average age of respondents was 22 years old.
It is important to note that not all of those who responded to the initial invitation were able to show up within the scheduled time set by the researchers. Such a phase gathered a total of 121 respondents. Table 1 shows the profile of the FGDs conducted.
A total of 685 responses were gathered from the Google Forms distributed through referrals. The initial survey was conducted in Iligan City, Philippines to test the possible responses of the participants. The survey was then revised to eliminate confusing questions and add additional options on news sources shared on social media.

성능/효과

” Verifying through cross-checking is an example of a practice that may limit the spread of fake news. Confirmation from personal and social networks may indicate a possibility of spreading misinformation. Although there are recommended practices, awareness of fact-checking and being critical of the information posted on social media allows one to double-check the information found on social media.
The data gathering was conducted from February 2020 to November 2020. Considering the strategy of deploying Google Forms as a survey instrument, the study makes no claims that the data is representative of the broader population in terms of SMUs in Mindanao, the southern island of the Philippines. However, although the sample may not represent the broader population, the perception of the users does not necessarily negate the result of the survey.
Although this study has shed light on the perspective of SMUs regarding fact-checking services, it also provides some limitations. Due to the limitations of COVID-19, recruitment for the interviews was limited. The use of convenience sampling may limit the generalization of the results.
First, a SMU asks directly to people around when the information is encountered. P12 confirms that sometimes it is easier to directly ask the person around you when you encounter interesting information shared on social media, as he said, “I can easily show it to them,” referring to the information he wants to clarify, demonstrating by holding his phone.
First, the themes that emerged as the practices of information verification show two crucial perspectives on the proliferation of “fake news.” Verifying through cross-checking is an example of a practice that may limit the spread of fake news
Thus, we decided to include others as suggested by the respondents. For Rappler, 40% take a neutral stance, while 27% have trust and 33% choose not to trust. VeraFiles got 61% neutral and 25% on trust, and 14% distrust.
Around 46% (318) were males while 364 were female. Four of the respondents preferred not to say about their gender.
It was as well made clear to the participants that they have the right at any stage to withdraw from the study if needed. Google Forms also contained a voluntary consent tab that the participant must check before proceeding to the survey questionnaire to ensure informed consent. Suffice it to say, this research complied with the University Human Research Ethics Review Process.
Varied responses were received for the different factchecking services. In the pilot survey, only Rappler and VeraFiles were included. However, in the comment section, there were suggestions to include other mainstream media because they also include fact-checking services on their respective websites.
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Out of 316 participants who confirmed their experience using a fact-checking service, 79% (250) agreed that it was easy to use, while 5% (16) did not agree. On a 5-point Likert scale, the mean is 4.
Second, although around 54% of the respondents are aware of fact-checking programs (Rappler and VeraFiles), only 48% of the respondents have experienced using them. In one of the interviews, awareness of fact-checking is a reminder that not all information posted on social media is factual.
Third, fact-checking services are generally perceived as easy to use and valuable. The practice of summarizing information and labeling it with diagonal text such as “Misinformation,” “Needs context,” or “False” makes it easier for the user to assess the image or report they encountered on social media.
This study’s key findings pertain to the practices of SMUs and their perception of fact-checking services in the Philippines
For Rappler, 40% take a neutral stance, while 27% have trust and 33% choose not to trust. VeraFiles got 61% neutral and 25% on trust, and 14% distrust.

후속연구

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of Technology as well as the Consortium on Democracy and Disinformation through De La Salle University for their financial support and guidance in the conduct of research

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