[논문]초분광수심법 기반 대하천 합류부 하상측정 성능 평가

김동수; 서영철; 유호준; 권영화

doi:10.3741/jkwra.2023.56.3.195

초분광수심법 기반 대하천 합류부 하상측정 성능 평가
Performance evaluation of hyperspectral bathymetry method for morphological mapping in a large river confluence 원문보기

Journal of Korea Water Resources Association = 한국수자원학회논문집, v.56 no.3, 2023년, pp.195 - 210

김동수 (단국대학교 토목환경공학과) , 서영철 (단국대학교 토목환경공학과) , 유호준 (K-Water 연구원) , 권영화 (단국대학교 토목환경공학과)

초록
AI-Helper

국내 대하천은 2010년 대규모 정비사업 이후 자연적 안정화를 위한 추가 재퇴적 및 침식이 진행 중에 있어 정밀 하상 모니터링이 요구되고 있다. 초분광수심법은 저수심의 고해상도 하천 수심측정 측면에서 종래의 접촉식 수심측정 기법을 대체하거나 보완할 수 있는 방법으로 각광을 받기 시작하였다. 본 연구는 초분광수심법에서 대표적인 최적밴드비기법을 소개하고 국내 대하천인 낙동강과 황강 합류부에서 평수기 전형적인 탁도조건에서 초분광수심법을 적용하여 수심맵을 산정하여 국내 하천으로의 적용성을 평가하였다. 이를 위해 수심영역별 최적밴드비기법으로 도출되는 상관도와 평균제곱근오차를 적용하여 최대측정가능수심을 산정하였고 최대추정가능수심 이상은 관계식 구축 시와 수심맵 산정 시 제외시켰다. 그리고 수심과 최적밴드비 관계(d-X)에 비선형성을 검토하여 적용하였다. 국내 대하천인 낙동강-황강 합류부에 적용한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초분광수심법은 주로 저수심부에서 정밀한 수심맵을 효율적으로 산정할 수 있음을 보여주었고 최대측정가능수심은 통상적 탁도에서 낙동강의 경우 2.5 m로 나타났고, 탁도가 높은 지류의 경우 1.25 m로 나타났다. 둘째, 최대측정가능수심은 초분광수심법 하상 도출 시 다양한 시나리오의 배제수심을 고려하여 산정 및 적용되어야 하고, 이때 최적밴드비기법 적용 시 평균제곱근오차가 기존의 상관도 방식에 비해 최대측정가능수심 산정에 우수하였다. 셋째, 황강 합류부의 탁도가 높아 측정가능수심이 인근 낙동강에 비해 절반으로 낮아져 초분광수심법은 탁도가 높은 환경일 경우 한계가 있음을 확인하였다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Additional deposition and erosion in large rivers in South Korea have continued to occur toward morphological stabilization after massive dredging through the four major river restoration project, subsequently requiring precise bathymetry monitoring. Hyperspectral bathymetry method has increasingly been highlighted as an alternative way to estimate bathymetry with high spatial resolution in shallow depth for replacing classical intrusive direct measurement techniques. This study introduced the conventional Optimal Band Ratio Analysis (OBRA) of hyperspectral bathymetry method, and evaluated the performance in a domestic large river in normal turbid and flow condition. Maximum measurable depth was estimated by applying correlation coefficient and root mean square error (RMSE) produced during OBRA with cascadedly applying cut-off depth, where the consequent hyperspectral bathymetry map excluded the region over the derived maximum measurable depth. Also non-linearity was considered in building relation between optimal band and depth. We applied the method to the Nakdong and Hwang River confluence as a large river case and obtained the following features. First, the hyperspectal method showed acceptable performance in morphological mapping for shallow regions, where the maximum measurable depth was 2.5 m and 1.25 m in the Nakdong and Hwang river, respectively. Second, RMSE was more feasible to derive the maximum measurable depth rather than the conventional correlation coefficient whereby considering various scenario of excluding range of in situ depths for OBRA. Third, highly turbid region in Hwang River did not allow hyperspectral bathymetry mapping compared with the case of adjacent Nakdong River, where maximum measurable depth was down to half in Hwang River.

주제어

표/그림 (12)

그림 Fig. 1. Conceptual visualization of Optimal Band Ratio Analysis to derive d-X relation with highest correlation
그림 Fig. 2. Procedure for deriving Maximum Measurable Depth: (a) estimation of correlation coefficient and RMSE for each cutoff depth scenario; (b) determining maximum measurable depth by referencing substantial variation in correlation coefficient and RMSE when applying OBRA by changing cut-off depth
그림 Fig. 3. Location of hyperspectral measurement campaign and in-situ depth measurements: (a) Nakdong and Hwang River confluence; (b) depth measurements and histogram
그림 Fig. 4. Hyperspectral image acquisition in Nakdong-Hwang confluence: (a) hyperspectral camera (Corning HSI 410) used for field campaign; (b) UAV system mounted with hyperspectral camera and other ancillary sensors; (c) region (red-colored boundary) designating area to acquire hyperspectral image
그림 Fig. 5. Preliminary OBRA in hyperspectral images for both Nakdong and Hwang River region where entire depth measurements were applied without considering cut-off depth over maximum measurable depth: (a) entire in-situ depth measurements by ADCP moving boat operation where both regions were divided to individually apply OBRA; (b) OBRA applied for Hwang River data; (c) OBRA applied for Nakdong River data
그림 Fig. 6. Estimation of maximum measurable depth in Nakdong River region: (a) In-situ depth measurements using ADCP to support OBRA; (b) Correlation Coefficient and RMSE in OBRA over increasing cut-off depth to find out maximum measurable depth by tracking their trend; (c) depth frequency distribution over various depth step in Nakdong River
그림 Fig. 7. A derived hyperspectral bathymetric map confined within maximum measurable depth (2.5 m), where deeper region was excluded
그림 Fig. 8. Bathymetry estimation by hyperspectral image acquried in Nakdong region and its performance compared with referenced in-situ depth measurements at the identical locations: (a),(b) depth comparison when non-linear and linear d-X relation, respectively, was applied. Different maximum measurable depth for each case was identified. This study adopted non-linear d-X relation; (c) depth comparison with validative data
표 Table 1. Assessment of maximum measurable depth by changing cut-off depth
그림 Fig. 9. Determination of maximum measurable depth in Hwang River: (a) the locations of in-situ depth measurements and interpolated morphology; (b) aerial photograph where turbid colored region could be identifiable; (c) depth frequency distribution over various depth step in Hwang River; (d) sensitivity in correlation and RMSE in OBRA over various cut-off depth to track variation in their trend
그림 Fig. 10. Bed morphologies over Hwang River in shallow region (less than 1.25 m): (a) bathymetry distribution obtained using d-X regression built from depth measurements in Hwang River region; (b) aerial photograph to visualize shallow regions in Hwang River where a line for maximum measurable depth is aligned; (c) more detailed morphological feature adopted from adjacent Nakdongs' d-X relation
그림 Fig. 11. Morphological characterization in Hwang River over various ways: (a) interpolated bed surface using ADCP bathymetry where black dots indicate the locations of depth measurement; (b) aerial photograph where bedforms (e.g., sand dunes) are identifiable due to shallow depth; (c) bed morphology estimated by hyperspectral method

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