[논문]배터리 제조공정에서 배출되는 잠재 유해 물질에 대한 물벼룩과 발광박테리아의 생태독성: 리튬, 니켈, 황산염을 대상으로

노인혜; 성기준

doi:10.14249/eia.2023.32.2.123

배터리 제조공정에서 배출되는 잠재 유해 물질에 대한 물벼룩과 발광박테리아의 생태독성: 리튬, 니켈, 황산염을 대상으로
Ecotoxicity of Daphnia magna and Aliivibrio fischeri on Potentially Harmful Substances Emissionsfrom Battery Manufacturing Processes: Lithium, Nickel, and Sulfate 원문보기

환경영향평가 = Journal of environmental impact assessment, v.32 no.2, 2023년, pp.123 - 133

초록
AI-Helper

이차전지 생산공정에서 발생한 폐수에는 리튬과 고농도의 황산염을 포함하고 있으며 최근에는 에너지 밀도가 높은 High Ni 계열의 전구체 수요가 급증하면서 니켈의 배출도 우려되는 상황이다. 리튬과 황산염의 경우 현재 수질오염물질 배출허용기준에 포함되어 있지 않으므로, 이들이 적절하게 처리되지 못하고 배출되었을 경우 향후 환경에 대한 부정적 영향이 클 수 있을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 물벼룩(Daphnia magna)과 발광박테리아(Aliivibrio fischeri)를 이용하여 이차전지 생산공정 배출수에 포함되어 배출될 수 있는 잠재오염물질인 리튬과 니켈 및 황산염의 생태독성을 평가하였다. 생태독성평가 결과, 물벼룩 24시간, 48시간 리튬 EC₅₀ 값은 18.2mg/L, 14.5mg/L, 니켈의 경우 7.2mg/L와 5.4mg/L, 황산염 EC₅₀ 값은 4,605.5mg/L, 4,345.0mg/L로 나타나, 물벼룩의 경우 물질 및 반응시간(24시간, 48시간)에 따른 생태독성 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 리튬, 니켈, 황산염에 대한 물벼룩의 EC₅₀을 비교하면, 니켈의 24h 및 48h EC₅₀은 리튬에 비해 39.6-37.2%, 황산염에 비해서는 0.1-0.2% 수준으로 세 물질 중 가장 독성이 강한 것으로 나타났다. 그 차이는 노출시간과 상관없이 유사한 수준으로 나타났다. 반면, 황산염의 EC₅₀은 리튬과 니켈에 비해 각각 253.0-299.7%, 639.5-804.6% 수준으로 세물질 중 독성이 가장 약한 것으로 나타났다. 발광박테리아의 리튬에 대한 30분 EC₅₀ 값은 2,755.8mg/L, 니켈은 7.4mg/L, 황산염 EC₅₀ 값은 66,047.3mg/L로 니켈과는 달리 리튬과 황산염에 대한 물벼룩과 발광박테리아 생물 종별 민감도 차이도 있음을 확인하였다. 이차전지 배출수 관리를 위해 향후 이들 물질에 대한 복합 독성에 관한 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Wastewater generated in the secondary battery production process contains lithium and high-concentration sulfate. Recently, as demand as demand for high-Ni precursors with high-energy density has surged, nickel emission is also a concern. Lithium and sulfate are not included in the current water pollutant discharge standard, so if they are not properly processed and discharged, the negative effect on future environment may be great. Therefore, in this study, the ecotoxicity of lithium, nickel, and sulfate, which are potential contaminants that can be discharged from the secondary battery production process, was evaluated using water flea (Daphnia magna) and luminescent bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri). As a result of the ecotoxicity test, 24-hour and 48-hour D. magna EC50 values of lithium were 18.2mg/L and 14.5mg/L, nickel EC50 values were 7.2mg/L and 5.4mg/L, and sulfate EC50 values were 4,605.5mg/L and 4,345.0mg/L, respectively. In the case of D. magna, it was found that there was a difference in ecotoxicity according to the contaminants and exposure time (24 hours, 48 hours). Comparing the EC50 of D. magna for lithium, nickel, and sulfate, the EC50 of nickel at 24h and 48h was 39.6-37.2% compared to lithium and 0.1-0.2% compared to sulfate, which was the most toxic among the three substances. The difference appeared to be at a similarlevelregardless of the exposure time. The EC50 of sulfate was 253.0-299.7% and 639.5-804.6%, respectively, compared to lithium and nickel, showing the least toxicity among the three substances. The 30-minute EC50 values of luminescent bacteria forlithium, nickel, and sulfate were 2,755.8mg/L, 7.4mg/L, and 66,047.3mg/L,respectively. Unlike nickel, it was confirmed that there was a difference in sensitivity between D. magna and A. fischeri bacteria to lithium and sulfate. Studies on the mixture toxicity of these substances are needed.

주제어

표/그림 (7)

표 Table 1. Composition of D.magna culture solution (KMOE, 2017)
그림 Figure 1. Dose-response curve of D.magna at 24h and 48h for (a) Lithium, (b) Nickel, (c) Sulfate.
표 Table 2. Concentrations of substances used in toxicity test according to exposure time
그림 Figure 2. Effects of exposure time on D.magna Immobilization rate(%) for (a) Lithium (b) Nickel (c) Sulfate.
표 Table 3. EC₅₀ of Li, Ni, and Sulfate on D. magna. Values in ( ) are standard error.
표 Table 4. EC₅₀ of Li, Ni, and Sulfate on A. fischeri. Values in ( ) are standard error.
그림 Figure 3. Bioluminescence inhibition of A.fischeri for 30 min (a) Lithium, (b) Nickel, (c) Sulfate.

참고문헌 (34)

Abbas M, Adil M, Ehtisham-ul-Haque S, Munir B,？Yameen M, Ghaffar A, Shar G, Tahir M, Iqbal M. 2018. Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence？inhibition assay for ecotoxicity assessment: A？review. Science of the Total Environment？656: 1295-1309.
Aral H, Vecchio-Sadus A. 2008. Toxicity of？lithium to humans and the environment-A？literature review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf.？70: 349-356.

상세보기
Bozich J, Hang M, Hamers R, Klaper R. 2017.？Core chemistry influences the toxicity of？multicomponent metal oxide nanomaterials,？lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide and？lithium cobalt oxide to Daphnia magna.？Environ toxicol chem. 36(9): 2493-2502.
Choi H, Ryu J, Shin W, Nathalie V. 2019. The？impact of anthropogenic inputs on lithium？content in river and tap water. Nature？Communications. 10: 5371.

상세보기
Elphick J, Davies M, Gilron G, Canaria E, Lo B,？Bailey HC. 2011. An aquatic toxicological？evaluation of sulfate:the case for considering？hardness as a modifying factor in setting？water quality guidelines. Environmental？Toxicology and Chemistry. 30(1): 247-253.

상세보기
Environment Canada. 2000. Biological Test Method:？Reference Method for Determining Acute？Lethality of Effluents to Daphnia magna.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/5223/6/2/4
Hsieh C, Tsai M, Ryan D, Pancorbo C. 2004.？Toxicity of the 13 priority pollutant metals？to Vibri fisheri in the Microtox ® chronic？toxicity test. The Science of the Total？Environment 320: 37-50.
Hwang J. 2021. Technology and market trend of？secondary battery. Auto Journal. 43(10):？31-35. [Korean Literature]
Jakobsson E, Arguello-Miranda O, Chiu SW,？Fazal Z, KruczK J, Nunez-Corrales S, Pandit？S, Pritchet L. 2017. Towards a unified？understanding of Lithium action in basic？biology and its significance for applied？biology. J Membr Biol. 250: 587-604.
Jin Y, Kim BR, Kim DW. 2021. Correlation？between lithium concentration and？ecotoxicology in lithium contained waste？water. Clean Technology 27(1): 33-38.？[Korean Literature]

원문보기 상세보기
Karjalainen J, Makinen M, Karjalainen A. 2021.？Sulfate toxicity to early life stages of European？whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus) in soft？freshwater. Ecotoxicology and Environmental？Safety 208 :111763.

상세보기
Kim D, Chae Y, An Y. 2017. Mixture Toxicity of？Nickel and Microplastics with different？functional group on Daphnia magna. Enviro？sci technol. 51: 12852-12858.
Kim J, Shin K, Yu S, Lee J, Kim W. 2015.？Comparative study on acute toxicity of？treated effluent containing salt using Daphnia？magana and Vibrio fischeri. Journla of Korean？Society on Water Environment 31(5): 453-459. [ Korean Literature]
KORES. 2016. Lithium market analysis report.
Korea Ministry of Environment (KMOE). 2009a.？Ecotoxicity management system for industrial？wastewater. [Korean Literature]
Korea Ministry of Environment (KMOE). 2009b.？Research on the search for substances that？cause ecotoxicity in industrial wastewater and？reduction measures (II). [Korean Literature]
Korea Ministry of Environment (KMOE), Korea？Environment Corporation (KECO). 2011.？Handbook for ecotoxicity management of？class 3-5 wasterwater discharge facilities.？[Korean Literature]
Korea Ministry of Environment (KMOE). 2017.？Standard testing method for water pollution.？[Korean Literature]
Korea Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (KMOF).？2018. Standard testing method for maritime？environment pollutant.
Korea National Institute of Environmental Research？(KNIER). 2013. Ecotoxicity analysis institute？technical training materials.
Lee K, Park G, KIM P. 2008. Development of？Marine Toxicity Standard Method for Marine？Luminescent Bacteria: Introduction of N-Tox test. Journal of the Korean Society of？Oceanography 13(2): 156-163. [Korean Literature]
Lee K, Kim J, Jo H, Song H, Cheon S, Seo D,？Lee M, Lee J. 2022. Ecotoxicity assessment？for monitoring hazardous substances on？Vibrio fischeri. Jorunal of Korean society of？Marne, Environment, Energy. 25(4): 217-222. [Korean Literature]
Mano H, Shinohara N. 2020. Acute toxicity of？nickel to Daphina magana: validation of？bioavailability models in Japanese rivers.？Water Air and Pollution. 231(459).
Michalaki A, McGivern A, Poschet G, Buttner M,？Altenburger R, Grintzalis K. 2022. The？effects of single and combined stressors on？Daphnids-Enzyme markers of physiology？and metabolomics validate the impact of？pollution. Toxins 10: 604.
Okamoto A, Yamamuro M, Tatarazao N. 2014.？Acute toxicity of 50 metals to Daphnia？agna. J. Appl Toxicol. 35: 824-830.
Park S, Seo J, Kim T. 2018. Environmental impacts？of brine from the seawater desalination？plants. Journal of Environment Impact？Assessment. 27(1): 17-32. [Korean Literature]
Park MJ, Jun DJ, Kang SG. 2021. Korean secondary？battery industrial ecosystm. Journal of the？Korean Battery Society. 1(2): 85-88. [Korean Literature]
Pereira CMS, Deruytter D, Blust R, De Schamphelaere？KAC. 2016. Effet of temperature on chronic？toxicity of copper, zinc, and nickel to Daphnia？magna. Environ toxicol chem. 36(7): 1909-1916.
Posco Research Institute (POSRI). 2018. Lithium？supply and demand outlook in 2025. [Korean Literature]
Posco Research Institute (POSRI). 2019. 7 major？issues in the global lithium industry. [Korean Literature]
Thibon F, Weppe L, Nigier N, Churlaud C,？Lacoue-Labarthe T, Metian M, Cherel Y,？Bustamante P. 2021. Large-scale survey of？lithium concentrations in marine organisms.？Science of the Total Environment 751(141453).
Viana T, Ferreira N, Henriques B, Leite C, Marchi？L, Amaral J, Freitas R, Pereira E. 2020. How？safe are the new green energy resources？for marine wildlife? The case of lithium.？Environmental Pollution 267: 1-9.
Wang Z, Yeung K, Zhou G, Yung M, Schlekat C,？Garman E, Gissi F, Stauber J, Middleton？E, Wang Y, Leung K. 2020. Acute and？chronic toxicity of nickel on freshwater？and marine tropical aquatic organisms.？Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.？206: 111373.？

상세보기

저자의 다른 논문 :

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format