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Science, v.290 no.5497 = no.5497, 2000년, pp.1756 - 1758
Voigt, Christiane (Max-Planck-Institut fü) , Schreiner, Jochen (r Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.) , Kohlmann, Andreas (Max-Planck-Institut fü) , Zink, Peter (r Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.) , Mauersberger, Konrad (Max-Planck-Institut fü) , Larsen, Niels (r Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.) , Deshler, Terry (Max-Planck-Institut fü) , Kröger, Chris (r Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.) , Rosen, Jim (Max-Planck-Institut fü) , Adriani, Alberto (r Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.) , Cairo, Francesco (Division of Middle Atmosphere Research, Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.) , Donfrancesco, Guido Di (Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Post Office Box 3038, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.) , Viterbini, Maurizio (Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Post Office Box 3038, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.) , Ovarlez, Joelle (Departmen) , Ovarlez, Henri , David, Christine , Dörnbrack, Andreas
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A comprehensive investigation of polar stratospheric clouds was performed on 25 January 2000 with instruments onboard a balloon gondola flown from Kiruna, Sweden. Cloud layers were repeatedly encountered at altitudes between 20 and 24 kilometers over a wide range of atmospheric temperatures (185 to ...
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The mass spectrometer sensitivities for water and nitric acid have been calibrated through the introduction of known partial pressures of these substances into the particle evaporation sphere by means of a pressure-related dynamic expansion. The mole flux to the mass spectrometer can then be related to the count rate.
The selection of the integration period was guided by the measurements of the backscatter sondes and by the mass spectrometer signals of H 2 O and HNO 3 (Fig. 2). The actual period selected for the integration is not very critical; for example integration in a cloud layer for 100 s did not change the molar ratio beyond the uncertainties shown in Fig. 3. The beginning and the end of a cloud encounter were always well resolved.
The total particle volume was calculated from a bimodal log-normal fit to the particle size distribution measured with the particle counter. STS particles (e.g. centered around 75 100 s UT) resulted in distributions of particles with a median diameter of 0.14 μm (standard deviation σ = 1.85) and a number density of 15 cm −3 and for the second mode in diameters of 1.08 μm (σ = 1.55) and number density of 0.01 cm −3 . NAT particles (e.g. near 79 650 s UT) resulted in a median diameter of 0.13 μm (σ = 1.50) and a density of 16 cm −3 and in a diameter of 1.52 μm (σ = 1.45) and a density of 0.5 cm −3 .
Although no direct HNO 3 gas phase measurement was performed a mixing ratio of 10 ppb is reasonable [
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]. Departures of 2.5 ppb will change T NAT by less than 0.5 K.
One of us (N.L.) calculated the evaporation times of NAT particles assuming a 1 K temperature increase: The time for a 50% volume reduction is 2 hours for a particle of radius 1.0 μm and 1 day for a particle of radius 5.0 μm.
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The balloon flight was performed as part of the European-American THESEO-2000/SOLVE campaign in winter 1999/2000. The excellent support through the balloon launch team of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) is acknowledged. Supported by the Commission of the European Union through the Environmental and Climate program (contract ENV4-CT97-0523) and by NSF grants OPP-9707520 and OPP-9423285 (T.D. C.K. and J.R.).
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