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[해외논문] Nitric Acid Trihydrate (NAT) in Polar Stratospheric Clouds

Science, v.290 no.5497 = no.5497, 2000년, pp.1756 - 1758  

Voigt, Christiane (Max-Planck-Institut fü) ,  Schreiner, Jochen (r Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.) ,  Kohlmann, Andreas (Max-Planck-Institut fü) ,  Zink, Peter (r Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.) ,  Mauersberger, Konrad (Max-Planck-Institut fü) ,  Larsen, Niels (r Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.) ,  Deshler, Terry (Max-Planck-Institut fü) ,  Kröger, Chris (r Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.) ,  Rosen, Jim (Max-Planck-Institut fü) ,  Adriani, Alberto (r Kernphysik, Division of Atmospheric Physics, Post Office Box 103 980, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany.) ,  Cairo, Francesco (Division of Middle Atmosphere Research, Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.) ,  Donfrancesco, Guido Di (Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Post Office Box 3038, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.) ,  Viterbini, Maurizio (Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming, Post Office Box 3038, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.) ,  Ovarlez, Joelle (Departmen) ,  Ovarlez, Henri ,  David, Christine ,  Dörnbrack, Andreas

Abstract AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

A comprehensive investigation of polar stratospheric clouds was performed on 25 January 2000 with instruments onboard a balloon gondola flown from Kiruna, Sweden. Cloud layers were repeatedly encountered at altitudes between 20 and 24 kilometers over a wide range of atmospheric temperatures (185 to ...

참고문헌 (37)

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  3. J. Geophys. Res Pawson S. 14209 104 1999 10.1029/1999JD900211 Pawson S., Naujokat B., J. Geophys. Res 104, 14209 (1999). 

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  9. Hanson, David, Mauersberger, Konrad. Laboratory studies of the nitric acid trihydrate: Implications for the south polar stratosphere. Geophysical research letters, vol.15, no.8, 855-858.

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  14. Schreiner, Jochen, Voigt, Christiane, Kohlmann, Andreas, Arnold, Frank, Mauersberger, Konrad, Larsen, Niels. Chemical Analysis of Polar Stratospheric Cloud Particles. Science, vol.283, no.5404, 968-970.

  15. 10.1029/1999JD900910 N. Larsen et al. J. Geophys. Res. 105 1491 (2000). 

  16. C. Voigt et al. Geophys. Res. Lett. in press. 

  17. Aerosol Sci. Technol. Schreiner J. 373 31 1999 10.1080/027868299304093 Schreiner J., Schild U., Voigt C., Mauersberger K., Aerosol Sci. Technol. 31, 373 (1999). 

  18. J. Geophys. Res. Hofmann D. J. 2897 96 1991 10.1029/90JD02494 Hofmann D. J., Deshler T., J. Geophys. Res. 96, 2897 (1991). 

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  21. A. Adriani et al. in Proceedings of XVIII Quadrennial Ozone Symposium L'Aquila 1996 Atmospheric Ozone R. D. Bojkov G. Visconti Eds. (Edigrafital for Parco Scientifico e Tecnologico d'Abruzzo L'Aquila Italy 1998) vol. 2 pp. 879-882. 

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  23. Tellus Dörnbrack A. 951 51 1999 10.3402/tellusa.v51i5.14504 Dörnbrack A., Leutbecher M., Kivi R., Kyrö E., Tellus 51A, 951 (1999). 

  24. The mass spectrometer sensitivities for water and nitric acid have been calibrated through the introduction of known partial pressures of these substances into the particle evaporation sphere by means of a pressure-related dynamic expansion. The mole flux to the mass spectrometer can then be related to the count rate. 

  25. The selection of the integration period was guided by the measurements of the backscatter sondes and by the mass spectrometer signals of H 2 O and HNO 3 (Fig. 2). The actual period selected for the integration is not very critical; for example integration in a cloud layer for 100 s did not change the molar ratio beyond the uncertainties shown in Fig. 3. The beginning and the end of a cloud encounter were always well resolved. 

  26. The total particle volume was calculated from a bimodal log-normal fit to the particle size distribution measured with the particle counter. STS particles (e.g. centered around 75 100 s UT) resulted in distributions of particles with a median diameter of 0.14 μm (standard deviation σ = 1.85) and a number density of 15 cm −3 and for the second mode in diameters of 1.08 μm (σ = 1.55) and number density of 0.01 cm −3 . NAT particles (e.g. near 79 650 s UT) resulted in a median diameter of 0.13 μm (σ = 1.50) and a density of 16 cm −3 and in a diameter of 1.52 μm (σ = 1.45) and a density of 0.5 cm −3 . 

  27. Although no direct HNO 3 gas phase measurement was performed a mixing ratio of 10 ppb is reasonable [ 

  28. Geophys. Res. Lett. Spreng S. 1251 21 1994 10.1029/93GL03229 Spreng S., Arnold F., Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1251 (1994); 

  29. ]. Departures of 2.5 ppb will change T NAT by less than 0.5 K. 

  30. One of us (N.L.) calculated the evaporation times of NAT particles assuming a 1 K temperature increase: The time for a 50% volume reduction is 2 hours for a particle of radius 1.0 μm and 1 day for a particle of radius 5.0 μm. 

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  35. J. Geophys. Res. Deshler T. 3943 105 2000 10.1029/1999JD900469 Deshler T., et al., J. Geophys. Res. 105, 3943 (2000). 

  36. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. Peter T. 785 48 1997 10.1146/annurev.physchem.48.1.785 Peter T., Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 48, 785 (1997). 

  37. The balloon flight was performed as part of the European-American THESEO-2000/SOLVE campaign in winter 1999/2000. The excellent support through the balloon launch team of the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) is acknowledged. Supported by the Commission of the European Union through the Environmental and Climate program (contract ENV4-CT97-0523) and by NSF grants OPP-9707520 and OPP-9423285 (T.D. C.K. and J.R.). 

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