[논문]Vibration Alert to the Brain: Evoked and Induced MEG Responses to High-Frequency Vibrotactile Stimuli on the Index Finger of Dominant and Non-dominant Hand

Kim, Min-Young; Kwon, Hyukchan; Yang, Tae-Heon; Kim, Kiwoong

doi:10.3389/fnhum.2020.576082

[해외논문] Vibration Alert to the Brain: Evoked and Induced MEG Responses to High-Frequency Vibrotactile Stimuli on the Index Finger of Dominant and Non-dominant Hand 원문보기

Frontiers in human neuroscience, v.14, 2020년, pp.576082 -

Kim, Min-Young (Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , Daejeon , South Korea) , Kwon, Hyukchan (Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , Daejeon , South Korea) , Yang, Tae-Heon (Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation , Chungju-si , South Korea) , Kim, Kiwoong (Quantum Technology Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science , Daejeon , South Korea)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Background: In recent years, vibrotactile haptic feedback technology has been widely used for user interfaces in the mobile devices. Although functional neuroimaging studies have investigated human brain responses to different types of tactile inputs, the neural mechanisms underlying high-frequency vibrotactile perception are still relatively unknown. Our aim was to investigate neuromagnetic brain responses to high-frequency vibrotactile stimulation, using magnetoencephalography (MEG).Methods: We measured 152-channel whole-head MEG in 30 healthy, right-handed volunteers (aged 20–28 years, 15 females). A total of 300 vibrotactile stimuli were presented at the tip of either the left index finger or the right index finger in two separate sessions. Sinusoidal vibrations at 150 Hz for 200 ms were generated with random inter-stimulus intervals between 1.6 and 2.4 s. Both time-locked analysis and time-frequency analysis were performed to identify peak responses and oscillatory modulations elicited by high-frequency vibrations. The significance of the evoked and induced responses for dominant and non-dominant hand stimulation conditions was statistically tested, respectively. The difference in responses between stimulation conditions was also statistically evaluated.Results: Prominent peak responses were observed at 56 ms (M50) and at 100 ms (M100) for both stimulation conditions. The M50 response revealed clear dipolar field patterns in the contralateral side with significant cortical activations in the contralateral primary sensorimotor area, whereas the M100 response was not as prominent as the M50. Vibrotactile stimulation induced significant suppression of both alpha (8–12 Hz) and beta (20–30 Hz) band activity during the mid-latency period (0.2–0.4 s), primarily in sensorimotor areas contralateral to the stimulation side. In addition, a significant alpha enhancement effect in posterior regions was accompanied with alpha suppressions in sensorimotor regions. The alpha suppression was observed in a broader distribution of cortical areas for the non-dominant hand stimulation.Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that high-frequency tactile vibrations, which is known to primarily activate Pacinian corpuscles, elicit somatosensory M50 and M100 responses in the evoked fields and induce modulations of alpha and beta band oscillations during mid-latency periods. Our study is also consistent with that the primary sensorimotor area is significantly involved in the processing of high-frequency vibrotactile information with contralateral dominance.

Keyword

참고문헌 (103)

Alahakone A. U. Senanayake S. A. ( 2009 ). Vibrotactile feedback systems: current trends in rehabilitation, sports and information display , in 2009 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics ( Singapore : IEEE ), 1148 ？ 1153 . 10.1109/AIM.2009.5229741
Andersen L. M. Lundqvist D. ( 2019 ). Somatosensory responses to nothing: an meg study of expectations during omission of tactile stimulations . Neuroimage 184 , 78 ？ 89 . 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.09.014 30213774

상세보기
Baillet S. ( 2017 ). Magnetoencephalography for brain electrophysiology and imaging . Nat. Neurosci . 20 , 327 ？ 339 . 10.1038/nn.4504 28230841

상세보기
Bauer M. Oostenveld R. Peeters M. Fries P. ( 2006 ). Tactile spatial attention enhances gamma-band activity in somatosensory cortex and reduces low-frequency activity in parieto-occipital areas . J. Neurosci . 26 , 490 ？ 501 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5228-04.2006 16407546

상세보기
Bensmaia S. J. ( 2008 ). Tactile intensity and population codes . Behav. Brain Res . 190 , 165 ？ 173 . 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.02.044 18420286

상세보기
Birder L. A. Perl E. R. ( 1994 ). Cutaneous sensory receptors . J. Clin. Neurophysiol . 11 , 534 ？ 552 . 10.1097/00004691-199411000-00002 7860718

상세보기
Bolanowski S. J. Jr. Gescheider G. A. Verrillo R. T. Checkosky C. M. ( 1988 ). Four channels mediate the mechanical aspects of touch . J. Acoust. Soc. Am . 84 , 1680 ？ 1694 . 10.1121/1.397184 3209773

상세보기
Carter A. W. Chen S. C. Lovell N. H. Vickery R. M. Morley J. W. ( 2014 ). Convergence across tactile afferent types in primary and secondary somatosensory cortices . PLoS ONE 9 : e107617 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0107617 25215534

상세보기
Cascio C. J. ( 2010 ). Somatosensory processing in neurodevelopmental disorders . J. Neurodev. Disord . 2 , 62 ？ 69 . 10.1007/s11689-010-9046-3 22127855

상세보기
Chen T. L. Babiloni C. Ferretti A. Perrucci M. G. Romani G. L. Rossini P. M. . ( 2008 ). Human secondary somatosensory cortex is involved in the processing of somatosensory rare stimuli: an fmri study . Neuroimage 40 , 1765 ？ 1771 . 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.01.020 18329293

상세보기
Cheyne D. Gaetz W. Garnero L. Lachaux J.-P. Ducorps A. Schwartz D. . ( 2003 ). Neuromagnetic imaging of cortical oscillations accompanying tactile stimulation . Cogn. Brain Res . 17 , 599 ？ 611 . 10.1016/S0926-6410(03)00173-3 14561448

상세보기
Cheyne D. O. ( 2013 ). Meg studies of sensorimotor rhythms: a review . Exp. Neurol . 245 , 27 ？ 39 . 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.08.030 22981841

상세보기
Choi S. Kuchenbecker K. J. ( 2013 ). Vibrotactile display: perception, technology, and applications . Proc. IEEE 101 , 2093 ？ 2104 . 10.1109/JPROC.2012.2221071

상세보기
Chung Y. G. Kim J. Han S. W. Kim H.-S. Choi M. H. Chung S.-C. . ( 2013 ). Frequency-dependent patterns of somatosensory cortical responses to vibrotactile stimulation in humans: a fMRI study . Brain Res . 1504 , 47 ？ 57 . 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.003 23399687

상세보기
Culbertson H. Schorr S. B. Okamura A. M. ( 2018 ). Haptics: the present and future of artificial touch sensation . Annu. Rev. Control Robot. Auton. Syst . 1 , 385 ？ 409 . 10.1146/annurev-control-060117-105043

상세보기
da Silva F. L. ( 2013 ). Eeg and meg: relevance to neuroscience . Neuron 80 , 1112 ？ 1128 . 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.017 24314724

상세보기
David O. Kilner J. M. Friston K. J. ( 2006 ). Mechanisms of evoked and induced responses in MEG/EEG . Neuroimage 31 , 1580 ？ 1591 . 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.02.034 16632378

상세보기
Dockstader C. Gaetz W. Cheyne D. Wang F. Castellanos F. X. Tannock R. ( 2008 ). Meg event-related desynchronization and synchronization deficits during basic somatosensory processing in individuals with adhd . Behav. Brain Funct . 4 : 8 . 10.1186/1744-9081-4-8 18269747

상세보기
Forss N. Salmelin R. Hari R. ( 1994 ). Comparison of somatosensory evoked fields to airpuff and electric stimuli . Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol . 92 , 510 ？ 517 . 10.1016/0168-5597(94)90135-X 7527769

상세보기
Gaetz W. Cheyne D. ( 2006 ). Localization of sensorimotor cortical rhythms induced by tactile stimulation using spatially filtered MEG . Neuroimage 30 , 899 ？ 908 . 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.009 16326116

상세보기
Gaetz W. Jurkiewicz M. T. Kessler S. K. Blaskey L. Schwartz E. S. Roberts T. P. ( 2017 ). Neuromagnetic responses to tactile stimulation of the fingers: evidence for reduced cortical inhibition for children with autism spectrum disorder and children with epilepsy . Neuroimage Clin . 16 , 624 ？ 633 . 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.06.026 28971012

상세보기
Gescheider G. A. Bolanowski S. J. Pope J. V. Verrillo R. T. ( 2002 ). A four-channel analysis of the tactile sensitivity of the fingertip: frequency selectivity, spatial summation, and temporal summation . Somatosens. Motor Res . 19 , 114 ？ 124 . 10.1080/08990220220131505 12088385

상세보기
Griffin M. J. ( 2012 ). Frequency-dependence of psychophysical and physiological responses to hand-transmitted vibration . Ind. Health 50 , 354 ？ 369 . 10.2486/indhealth.MS1379 23060249

상세보기
Haegens S. Luther L. Jensen O. ( 2012 ). Somatosensory anticipatory alpha activity increases to suppress distracting input . J. Cogn. Neurosci . 24 , 677 ？ 685 . 10.1162/jocn_a_00164 22066587

상세보기
Hamada Y. Otsuka S. Okamoto T. Suzuki R. ( 2002 ). The profile of the recovery cycle in human primary and secondary somatosensory cortex: a magnetoencephalography study . Clin. Neurophysiol . 113 , 1787 ？ 1793 . 10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00258-4 12417232

상세보기
Hamalainen H. Kekoni J. Sams M. Reinikainen K. Naatanen R. ( 1990 ). Human somatosensory evoked potentials to mechanical pulses and vibration: contributions of SI and SII somatosensory cortices to P50 and P100 components . Clin. Neurophysiol . 75 , 13 ？ 21 . 10.1016/0013-4694(90)90148-D

상세보기
Hamalainen M. S. Ilmoniemi R. J. ( 1994 ). Interpreting magnetic fields of the brain: minimum norm estimates . Med. Biol. Eng. Comput . 32 , 35 ？ 42 . 10.1007/BF02512476 8182960

상세보기
Hari R. Forss N. ( 1999 ). Magnetoencephalography in the study of human somatosensory cortical processing . Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci . 354 , 1145 ？ 1154 . 10.1098/rstb.1999.0470 10466142

상세보기
Hari R. Karhu J. Hamalainen M. Knuutila J. Salonen O. Sams M. . ( 1993 ). Functional organization of the human first and second somatosensory cortices: a neuromagnetic study . Eur. J. Neurosci . 5 , 724 ？ 734 . 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1993.tb00536.x 8261143

상세보기
Harrington G. S. Downs J. H. III. ( 2001 ). fMRI mapping of the somatosensory cortex with vibratory stimuli: is there a dependency on stimulus frequency? Brain Res . 897 , 188 ？ 192 . 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02139-4 11282375

상세보기
Hashimoto I. Mashiko T. Kimura T. Imada T. ( 1998 ). Human somatosensory evoked magnetic fields to vibratory stimulation of the index finger: is there frequency organization in SI? Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol . 109 , 454 ？ 461 . 10.1016/S0924-980X(98)00043-5 9851303

상세보기
Hashimoto I. Mashiko T. Kimura T. Imada T. ( 1999 ). Are there discrete distal-proximal representations of the index finger and palm in the human somatosensory cortex? A neuromagnetic study . Clin. Neurophysiol . 110 , 430 ？ 437 . 10.1016/S1388-2457(98)00018-2 10363766

상세보기
Hautasaari P. Kujala U. M. Tarkka I. M. ( 2019 ). Detecting differences with magnetoencephalography of somatosensory processing after tactile and electrical stimuli . J. Neurosci. Methods 311 , 331 ？ 337 . 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.014 30218670

상세보기
Hirata M. Kato A. Taniguchi M. Ninomiya H. Cheyne D. Robinson S. E. . ( 2002 ). Frequency-dependent spatial distribution of human somatosensory evoked neuromagnetic fields . Neurosci. Lett . 318 , 73 ？ 76 . 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02483-1 11796189

상세보기
Hoechstetter K. Rupp A. Meinck H.-M. Weckesser D. Bornfleth H. Stippich C. . ( 2000 ). Magnetic source imaging of tactile input shows task-independent attention effects in SII . Neuroreport 11 , 2461 ？ 2465 . 10.1097/00001756-200008030-00024 10943704

상세보기
Hoechstetter K. Rupp A. Stanak A. Meinck H.-M. Stippich C. Berg P. . ( 2001 ). Interaction of tactile input in the human primary and secondary somatosensory cortex-a magnetoencephalographic study . Neuroimage 14 , 759 ？ 767 . 10.1006/nimg.2001.0855 11506548

상세보기
Hoggan E. Brewster S. A. Johnston J. ( 2008 ). Investigating the effectiveness of tactile feedback for mobile touchscreens , in Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI '08 ( New York, NY : ACM ), 1573 ？ 1582 . 10.1145/1357054.1357300
Huang M. Mosher J. C. Leahy R. ( 1999 ). A sensor-weighted overlapping-sphere head model and exhaustive head model comparison for MEG . Phys. Med. Biol . 44 , 423 ？ 440 . 10.1088/0031-9155/44/2/010 10070792

상세보기
Huttunen J. Wikstrom H. Korvenoja A. Seppalainen A.-M. Aronen H. Ilmoniemi R. J. ( 1996 ). Significance of the second somatosensory cortex in sensorimotor integration: enhancement of sensory responses during finger movements . Neuroreport 7 , 1009 ？ 1012 . 10.1097/00001756-199604100-00011 8804041

상세보기
Iguchi Y. Hoshi Y. Nemoto M. Taira M. Hashimoto I. ( 2007 ). Co-activation of the secondary somatosensory and auditory cortices facilitates frequency discrimination of vibrotactile stimuli . Neuroscience 148 , 461 ？ 472 . 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.06.004 17640818

상세보기
Iguchi Y. Hoshi Y. Tanosaki M. Taira M. Hashimoto I. ( 2005 ). Attention induces reciprocal activity in the human somatosensory cortex enhancing relevant-and suppressing irrelevant inputs from fingers . Clin. Neurophysiol . 116 , 1077 ？ 1087 . 10.1016/j.clinph.2004.12.005 15826848

상세보기
Inoue K. Shirai T. Nakanishi K. Hashizume A. Harada T. Mimori Y. . ( 2005 ). Difference in somatosensory evoked fields elicited by mechanical and electrical stimulations: elucidation of the human homunculus by a noninvasive method . Hum. Brain Mapp . 24 , 274 ？ 283 . 10.1002/hbm.20089 15678481

상세보기
Inoue K. Yamashita T. Harada T. Nakamura S. ( 2002 ). Role of human SII cortices in sensorimotor integration . Clin. Neurophysiol . 113 , 1573 ？ 1578 . 10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00162-1 12350433

상세보기
Jensen O. Mazaheri A. ( 2010 ). Shaping functional architecture by oscillatory alpha activity: gating by inhibition . Front. Hum. Neurosci . 4 : 186 . 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00186 21119777

상세보기
Johansson R. S. Landstrom U. Lundstrom R. ( 1982 ). Responses of mechanoreceptive afferent units in the glabrous skin of the human hand to sinusoidal skin displacements . Brain Res . 244 , 17 ？ 25 . 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90899-X 6288178

상세보기
Johansson R. S. Vallbo A, B. ( 1983 ). Tactile sensory coding in the glabrous skin of the human hand . Trends Neurosci . 6 , 27 ？ 32 . 10.1016/0166-2236(83)90011-5

상세보기
Johansson R. S. Vallbo A. ( 1979 ). Tactile sensibility in the human hand: relative and absolute densities of four types of mechanoreceptive units in glabrous skin . J. Physiol . 286 , 283 ？ 300 . 10.1113/jphysiol.1979.sp012619 439026

상세보기
Johnson K. O. ( 2001 ). The roles and functions of cutaneous mechanoreceptors . Curr. Opin. Neurobiol . 11 , 455 ？ 461 . 10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00234-8 11502392

상세보기
Jones L. A. Sarter N. B. ( 2008 ). Tactile displays: guidance for their design and application . Hum. Fact . 50 , 90 ？ 111 . 10.1518/001872008X250638 18354974

상세보기
Jones L. A. Tan H. Z. ( 2013 ). Application of psychophysical techniques to haptic research . IEEE Trans. Hapt . 6 , 268 ？ 284 . 10.1109/TOH.2012.74 24808324

상세보기
Jones S. R. Pritchett D. L. Stufflebeam S. M. Hamalainen M. Moore C. I. ( 2007 ). Neural correlates of tactile detection: a combined magnetoencephalography and biophysically based computational modeling study . J. Neurosci . 27 , 10751 ？ 10764 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0482-07.2007 17913909

상세보기
Jousmaki V. ( 2000 ). Tracking functions of cortical networks on a millisecond timescale . Neural Netw . 13 , 883 ？ 889 . 10.1016/S0893-6080(00)00061-7 11156199

상세보기
Jousmaki V. Forss N. ( 1998 ). Effects of stimulus intensity on signals from human somatosensory cortices . Neuroreport 9 , 3427 ？ 3431 . 10.1097/00001756-199810260-00017 9855293

상세보기
Jousmaki V. Hari R. ( 1999 ). Somatosensory evoked fields to large-area vibrotactile stimuli . Clin. Neurophysiol . 110 , 905 ？ 909 . 10.1016/S1388-2457(98)00059-5 10400204

상세보기
Jousmaki V. Nishitani N. Hari R. ( 2007 ). A brush stimulator for functional brain imaging . Clin. Neurophysiol . 118 , 2620 ？ 2624 . 10.1016/j.clinph.2007.08.024 17950032

상세보기
Kakigi R. Hoshiyama M. Shimojo M. Naka D. Yamasaki H. Watanabe S. . ( 2000 ). The somatosensory evoked magnetic fields . Prog. Neurobiol . 61 , 495 ？ 523 . 10.1016/S0301-0082(99)00063-5 10748321

상세보기
Karhu J. Tesche C. ( 1999 ). Simultaneous early processing of sensory input in human primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortices . J. Neurophysiol . 81 , 2017 ？ 2025 . 10.1152/jn.1999.81.5.2017 10322043

상세보기
Kekoni J. Hamalainen H. Saarinen M. Grohn J. Reinikainen K. Lehtokoski A. . ( 1997 ). Rate effect and mismatch responses in the somatosensory system: ERP-recordings in humans . Biol. Psychol . 46 , 125 ？ 142 . 10.1016/S0301-0511(97)05249-6 9288410

상세보기
Kim J.-M. Kwon H. Yu K. Lee Y.-H. Kim K. ( 2013 ). Optical transmission modules for multi-channel superconducting quantum interference device readouts . Rev. Sci. Instrum . 84 : 125109 . 10.1063/1.4847095 24387470

상세보기
Kim M.-Y. Kwon H. Park W.-H. Yang T.-H. Kim S.-Y. Hwang S. ( 2019 ). Development of a polymer-based meg-compatible vibrotactile stimulator for studying neuromagnetic somatosensory responses . IEEE Access 8 , 9235 ？ 9245 . 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2961122

상세보기
Koenig T. Kottlow M. Stein M. Melie-Garcia L. ( 2011 ). Ragu: a free tool for the analysis of eeg and meg event-related scalp field data using global randomization statistics . Comput. Intell. Neurosci . 2011 : 938925 . 10.1155/2011/938925 21403863

상세보기
Koenig T. Melie-Garcia L. ( 2010 ). A method to determine the presence of averaged event-related fields using randomization tests . Brain Topogr . 23 , 233 ？ 242 . 10.1007/s10548-010-0142-1 20376546

상세보기
Kuroki S. Watanabe J. Nishida S. ( 2017 ). Integration of vibrotactile frequency information beyond the mechanoreceptor channel and somatotopy . Sci. Rep . 7 : 2758 . 10.1038/s41598-017-02922-7 28584282

상세보기
Kurz M. J. Becker K. M. Heinrichs-Graham E. Wilson T. W. ( 2015 ). Children with cerebral palsy have uncharacteristic somatosensory cortical oscillations after stimulation of the hand mechanoreceptors . Neuroscience 305 , 67 ？ 75 . 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.07.072 26235434

상세보기
Lee Y. Yu K. Kwon H. Kim J. Kim K. Park Y. ( 2009 ). A whole-head magnetoencephalography system with compact axial gradiometer structure . Supercond. Sci. Technol . 22 : 045023 10.1088/0953-2048/22/4/045023

상세보기
Lin F.-H. Witzel T. Ahlfors S. P. Stufflebeam S. M. Belliveau J. W. Hamalainen M. S. ( 2006 ). Assessing and improving the spatial accuracy in MEG source localization by depth-weighted minimum-norm estimates . Neuroimage 31 , 160 ？ 171 . 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.054 16520063

상세보기
Mackevicius E. L. Best M. D. Saal H. P. Bensmaia S. J. ( 2012 ). Millisecond precision spike timing shapes tactile perception . J. Neurosci . 32 , 15309 ？ 15317 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2161-12.2012 23115169

상세보기
Marco E. J. Khatibi K. Hill S. S. Siegel B. Arroyo M. S. Dowling A. F. . ( 2012 ). Children with autism show reduced somatosensory response: an MEG study . Autism Res . 5 , 340 ？ 351 . 10.1002/aur.1247 22933354

상세보기
Maris E. Oostenveld R. ( 2007 ). Nonparametric statistical testing of EEG-and MEG-data . J. Neurosci. Methods 164 , 177 ？ 190 . 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2007.03.024 17517438

상세보기
Mauguiere F. Merlet I. Forss N. Vanni S. Jousmaki V. Adeleine P. . ( 1997 ). Activation of a distributed somatosensory cortical network in the human brain. A dipole modelling study of magnetic fields evoked by median nerve stimulation. part i: Location and activation timing of sef sources . Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol . 104 , 281 ？ 289 . 10.1016/S0013-4694(97)00006-0 9246065

상세보기
McGlone F. Reilly D. ( 2010 ). The cutaneous sensory system . Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev . 34 , 148 ？ 159 . 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.004 19712693

상세보기
Mertens M. Lutkenhoner B. ( 2000 ). Efficient neuromagnetic determination of landmarks in the somatosensory cortex . Clin. Neurophysiol . 111 , 1478 ？ 1487 . 10.1016/S1388-2457(00)00349-7 10904230

상세보기
Mima T. Nagamine T. Nakamura K. Shibasaki H. ( 1998 ). Attention modulates both primary and second somatosensory cortical activities in humans: a magnetoencephalographic study . J. Neurophysiol . 80 , 2215 ？ 2221 . 10.1152/jn.1998.80.4.2215 9772274

상세보기
Morioka M. Griffin M. J. ( 2005 ). Thresholds for the perception of hand-transmitted vibration: dependence on contact area and contact location . Somatosens. Motor Res . 22 , 281 ？ 297 . 10.1080/08990220500420400 16503581

상세보기
Nangini C. Ross B. Tam F. Graham S. ( 2006 ). Magnetoencephalographic study of vibrotactile evoked transient and steady-state responses in human somatosensory cortex . Neuroimage 33 , 252 ？ 262 . 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.045 16884928

상세보기
Neuper C. Wortz M. Pfurtscheller G. ( 2006 ). ERD/ERS patterns reflecting sensorimotor activation and deactivation . Prog. Brain Res . 159 , 211 ？ 222 . 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)59014-4 17071233

상세보기
Nevalainen P. Lauronen L. Pihko E. ( 2014 ). Development of human somatosensory cortical functions-what have we learned from magnetoencephalography: a review . Front. Hum. Neurosci . 8 : 158 . 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00158 24672468

상세보기
Oldfield R. C. ( 1971 ). The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory . Neuropsychologia 9 , 97 ？ 113 . 10.1016/0028-3932(71)90067-4 5146491

상세보기
Onishi H. Oyama M. Soma T. Kubo M. Kirimoto H. Murakami H. . ( 2010 ). Neuromagnetic activation of primary and secondary somatosensory cortex following tactile-on and tactile-off stimulation . Clin. Neurophysiol . 121 , 588 ？ 593 . 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.12.022 20089445

상세보기
Oostenveld R. Fries P. Maris E. Schoffelen J.-M. ( 2011 ). FieldTrip: open source software for advanced analysis of MEG, EEG, and invasive electrophysiological data . Comput. Intell. Neurosci . 2011 : 156869 . 10.1155/2011/156869 21253357

상세보기
Papadelis C. Ahtam B. Nazarova M. Nimec D. Snyder B. Grant P. E. . ( 2014 ). Cortical somatosensory reorganization in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a multimodal neuroimaging study . Front. Hum. Neurosci . 8 : 725 . 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00725 25309398

상세보기
Parkkonen E. Laaksonen K. Piitulainen H. Parkkonen L. Forss N. ( 2015 ). Modulation of the 20-Hz motor-cortex rhythm to passive movement and tactile stimulation . Brain Behav . 5 : e00328 . 10.1002/brb3.328 25874163

상세보기
Penna D. Torquati K. Pizzella V. Babiloni C. Franciotti R. Rossini M. . ( 2004 ). Temporal dynamics of alpha and beta rhythms in human si and sii after galvanic median nerve stimulation. A MEG study . Neuroimage 22 , 1438 ？ 1446 . 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.03.045 15275901

상세보기
Pfurtscheller G. Da Silva F. L. ( 1999 ). Event-related eeg/meg synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles . Clin. Neurophysiol . 110 , 1842 ？ 1857 . 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00141-8 10576479

상세보기
Pfurtscheller G. Stancak A. Jr. Neuper C. ( 1996 ). Event-related synchronization (ERS) in the alpha band？an electrophysiological correlate of cortical idling: a review . Int. J. Psychophysiol . 24 , 39 ？ 46 . 10.1016/S0167-8760(96)00066-9 8978434

상세보기
Pihko E. Nevalainen P. Stephen J. Okada Y. Lauronen L. ( 2009 ). Maturation of somatosensory cortical processing from birth to adulthood revealed by magnetoencephalography . Clin. Neurophysiol . 120 , 1552 ？ 1561 . 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.05.028 19560400

상세보기
Pihko E. Nevalainen P. Vaalto S. Laaksonen K. Maenpaa H. Valanne L. . ( 2014 ). Reactivity of sensorimotor oscillations is altered in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy: a magnetoencephalographic study . Hum. Brain Mapp . 35 , 4105 ？ 4117 . 10.1002/hbm.22462 24522997

상세보기
Rossini P. Deuschl G. Pizzella V. Tecchio F. Pasquarelli A. Feifel E. . ( 1996 ). Topography and sources of electromagnetic cerebral responses to electrical and air-puff stimulation of the hand . Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol . 100 , 229 ？ 239 . 10.1016/0168-5597(95)00275-8 8681864

상세보기
Ryu J. Jung J. Park G. Choi S. ( 2010 ). Psychophysical model for vibrotactile rendering in mobile devices . Presence Teleoper. Virt. Environ . 19 , 364 ？ 387 . 10.1162/PRES_a_00011

상세보기
Saal H. P. Bensmaia S. J. ( 2014 ). Touch is a team effort: interplay of submodalities in cutaneous sensibility . Trends Neurosci . 37 , 689 ？ 697 . 10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.012 25257208

상세보기
Singh K. D. Barnes G. R. Hillebrand A. Forde E. M. Williams A. L. ( 2002 ). Task-related changes in cortical synchronization are spatially coincident with the hemodynamic response . Neuroimage 16 , 103 ？ 114 . 10.1006/nimg.2001.1050 11969322

상세보기
Spitzer B. Haegens S. ( 2017 ). Beyond the status quo: a role for beta oscillations in endogenous content (re) activation . eNeuro 4 : 0170 -17.2017. 10.1523/ENEURO.0170-17.2017 28785729

상세보기
Tadel F. Baillet S. Mosher J. C. Pantazis D. Leahy R. M. ( 2011 ). Brainstorm: a user-friendly application for MEG/EEG analysis . Comput. Intell. Neurosci . 2011 : 879716 . 10.1155/2011/879716 21584256

상세보기
Tadel F. Bock E. A. Niso G. Mosher J. C. Cousineau M. Pantazis D. . ( 2019 ). MEG/EEG group analysis with brainstorm . Front. Neurosci . 13 : 76 . 10.3389/fnins.2019.00076 30804744

상세보기
Tallon-Baudry C. Bertrand O. ( 1999 ). Oscillatory gamma activity in humans and its role in object representation . Trends Cogn. Sci . 3 , 151 ？ 162 . 10.1016/S1364-6613(99)01299-1 10322469

상세보기
Tobimatsu S. Zhang Y. M. Kato M. ( 1999 ). Steady-state vibration somatosensory evoked potentials: physiological characteristics and tuning function . Clin. Neurophysiol . 110 , 1953 ？ 1958 . 10.1016/S1388-2457(99)00146-7 10576493

상세보기
Tommerdahl M. Favorov O. V. Whitsel B. L. ( 2010 ). Dynamic representations of the somatosensory cortex . Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev . 34 , 160 ？ 170 . 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.08.009 19732790

상세보기
Tuunanen P. I. Kavec M. Jousmaki V. Usenius J.-P. Hari R. Salmelin R. . ( 2003 ). Comparison of bold fMRI and MEG characteristics to vibrotactile stimulation . Neuroimage 19 , 1778 ？ 1786 . 10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00256-8 12948732

상세보기
Verrillo R. T. ( 1985 ). Psychophysics of vibrotactile stimulation . J. Acoust. Soc. Am . 77 , 225 ？ 232 . 10.1121/1.392263 3882801

상세보기
Whitehead K. Papadelis C. Laudiano-Dray M. Meek J. Fabrizi L. ( 2019 ). The emergence of hierarchical somatosensory processing in late prematurity . Cereb. Cortex 29 , 2245 ？ 2260 . 10.1093/cercor/bhz030 30843584

상세보기
Wikstrom H. Huttunen J. Korvenoja A. Virtanen J. Salonen O. Aronen H. . ( 1996 ). Effects of interstimulus interval on somatosensory evoked magnetic fields (SEFS): a hypothesis concerning sef generation at the primary sensorimotor cortex . Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol . 100 , 479 ？ 487 . 10.1016/S0168-5597(96)95688-9 8980411

상세보기
Yang S. T. Jin S. H. Lee G. Jeong S. Y. An J. ( 2018 ). Dominant and subdominant hand exhibit different cortical activation patterns during tactile stimulation: an fNIRS study , in 2018 6th International Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) ( GangWon : IEEE ), 1 ？ 3 . 10.1109/IWW-BCI.2018.8311502
Yang T. Gallen C. Schwartz B. Bloom F. ( 1993 ). Noninvasive somatosensory homunculus mapping in humans by using a large-array biomagnetometer . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 90 , 3098 ？ 3102 . 10.1073/pnas.90.7.3098 8464929

상세보기

LOADING...

활용도 분석정보

상세보기

다운로드

내보내기

활용도 Top5 논문

해당 논문의 주제분야에서 활용도가 높은 상위 5개 콘텐츠를 보여줍니다.
더보기 버튼을 클릭하시면 더 많은 관련자료를 살펴볼 수 있습니다.

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증