[논문]Injury Rates in Major League Baseball During the 2020 COVID-19 Season

Platt, Brooks N.; Uhl, Timothy L.; Sciascia, Aaron D.; Zacharias, Anthony J.; Lemaster, Nicole G.; Stone, Austin V.

doi:10.1177/2325967121999646

Injury Rates in Major League Baseball During the 2020 COVID-19 Season 원문보기

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine an open access journal for orthopaedic sports medicine, arthroscopy and knee arthroplasty, v.9 no.3, 2021년, pp.2325967121999646 -

Platt, Brooks N. (Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.) , Uhl, Timothy L. (Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.) , Sciascia, Aaron D. (Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky, USA.) , Zacharias, Anthony J. (Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.) , Lemaster, Nicole G. (Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.) , Stone, Austin V. (Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Background:The 2020 Major League Baseball (MLB) season was drastically altered because of the COVID-19 pandemic. The changes included an extended layoff between March and July as well as a shortened preseason.Purpose/Hypothesis:To determine the incidence and epidemiology of MLB injuries in the abbreviated 2020 season compared with prior seasons. We hypothesized that there was an increase in the overall injury rate in the 2020 season compared with the 2018-2019 seasons and that it equally affected all body regions.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:The MLB transactions database was queried to find players who had been placed on the injury list between 2018 and 2020. Injuries were categorized into upper extremity, lower extremity, spine/core, and other injuries. Incidence per 1000 athlete-exposures was calculated for the prior 2 seasons (2018-2019) and for the 2020 season separately. Incidence for each category was also calculated separately for pitchers and fielders. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and confidence intervals were used to compare injury rates in 2018-2019 versus 2020. The z test for proportions was used to determine significant differences between injury incidences.Results:In 2020, the overall incidence rate per 1000 athlete-exposures was almost twice the rate compared with the 2 seasons before COVID-19 (8.66 vs 5.13; IRR, 1.69 [95% CI, 1.53-1.87]; P < .001). Injury incidence increased similarly in 2020 for both pitchers (IRR, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.47-1.91]; P < .001) and fielders (IRR, 1.68 [95% CI, 1.45-1.96]; P < .001). Increases in injury incidence were seen in the upper extremity, spine/core, and other injury categories; however, the incidence of the lower extremity did not change significantly.Conclusion:There was a significant increase in injury incidence for both pitchers and fielders in 2020. Injury rates increased in anatomic zones of the upper extremity and spine/core but were not significantly changed in the lower extremity. The overall increase in injury rate suggests that irregular or insufficient sport-specific preparation prior to the start of the season placed athletes at a greater risk of injury when play resumed.

주제어

참고문헌 (49)

1 Adler D Kelly M Langs S Simon A . Breaking down every Opening Day matchup . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Accessed October 14, 2020 . https://www.mlb.com/news/opening-day-2020-guide
2 Andrade R Wik EH Rebelo-Marques A , et al. Is the acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR) associated with risk of time-loss injury in professional team sports? A systematic review of methodology, variables and injury risk in practical situations. Sports Med . 2020 ; 50 ( 9 ): 1613 – 1635 . 32572824
3 Baccellieri E . “Summer camp” is here---but MLB’s calendar is shattered . Meredith Corporation . Accessed November 1, 2020 . https://www.si.com/mlb/2020/07/01/baseball-return-summer-camp
4 Bahr R Bahr IA . Incidence of acute volleyball injuries: a prospective cohort study of injury mechanisms and risk factors . Scand J Med Sci Sports . 1997 ; 7 ( 3 ): 166 – 171 . 9200321
5 Blanch P Gabbett TJ . Has the athlete trained enough to return to play safely? The acute:chronic workload ratio permits clinicians to quantify a player’s risk of subsequent injury . Br J Sports Med . 2016 ; 50 ( 8 ): 471 – 475 . 26701923

상세보기
6 Burkhart SS Morgan CD Kibler WB . The disabled throwing shoulder: spectrum of pathology Part III: The SICK scapula, scapular dyskinesis, the kinetic chain, and rehabilitation . Arthroscopy . 2003 ; 19 ( 6 ): 641 – 661 . 12861203

상세보기
7 Byram IR Bushnell BD Dugger K , et al. Preseason shoulder strength measurements in professional baseball pitchers: identifying players at risk for injury . Am J Sports Med . 2010 ; 38 ( 7 ): 1375 – 1382 . 20489215

상세보기
8 Chalmers PN Erickson BJ Ball B Romeo AA Verma NN . Fastball pitch velocity helps predict ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in Major League Baseball pitchers . Am J Sports Med . 2016 ; 44 ( 8 ): 2130 – 2135 . 26983459

상세보기
9 Cross MJ Williams S Trewartha G Kemp SP Stokes KA . The influence of in-season training loads on injury risk in Professional Rugby Union . Int J Sports Physiol Perform . 2016 ; 11 ( 3 ): 350 – 355 . 26309331
10 DeFroda SF Kriz PK Hall AM Zurakowski D Fadale PD . Risk stratification for ulnar collateral ligament injury in Major League Baseball players: a retrospective study from 2007 to 2014 . Orthop J Sports Med . 2016 ; 4 ( 2 ): 2325967115627126 .
11 Drakos MC Domb B Starkey C Callahan L Allen AA . Injury in the National Basketball Association: a 17-year overview . Sports Health . 2010 ; 2 ( 4 ): 284 – 290 . 23015949

상세보기
12 Ellenbecker TS Aoki R . Step by step guide to understanding the kinetic chain concept in the overhead athlete . Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med . 2020 ; 13 ( 2 ): 155 – 163 . 32172436

상세보기
13 Feinsand M . FAQ: Roster and transaction rules for 2020. Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Accessed October 14, 2020 . https://www.mlb.com/news/mlb-roster-transaction-rules-for-2020-season
14 Fleisig GS Andrews JR Dillman CJ Escamilla RF . Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms . Am J Sports Med . 1995 ; 23 ( 2 ): 233 – 239 . 7778711

상세보기
15 Gabbett TJ . How much? How fast? How soon? Three simple concepts for progressing training loads to minimize injury risk and enhance performance . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 2020 ; 50 ( 10 ): 570 – 573 . 31726926

상세보기
16 Gabbett TJ . The training-injury prevention paradox: should athletes be training smarter and harder? Br J Sports Med . 2016 ; 50 ( 5 ): 273 – 280 . 26758673

상세보기
17 Garrison JC Arnold A Macko MJ Conway JE . Baseball players diagnosed with ulnar collateral ligament tears demonstrate decreased balance compared to healthy controls . J Orthop Sports Phys Ther . 2013 ; 43 ( 10 ): 752 – 758 . 24256174

상세보기
18 Haroy J Clarsen B Wiger EG , et al. The Adductor Strengthening Programme prevents groin problems among male football players: a cluster-randomised controlled trial . Br J Sports Med . 2019 ; 53 ( 3 ): 150 – 157 . 29891614

상세보기
19 Hewett TE Ford KR Hoogenboom BJ Myer GD . Understanding and preventing ACL injuries: current biomechanical and epidemiologic considerations---update 2010 . N Am J Sports Phys Ther . 2010 ; 5 ( 4 ): 234 – 251 . 21655382
20 Hewett TE Myer GD Ford KR , et al. Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study . Am J Sports Med . 2005 ; 33 ( 4 ): 492 – 501 . 15722287

상세보기
21 Keller RA Marshall NE Guest JM , et al. Major League Baseball pitch velocity and pitch type associated with risk of ulnar collateral ligament injury . J Shoulder Elbow Surg . 2016 ; 25 ( 4 ): 671 – 675 . 26995458
22 Kelly M . First Spring Training workout dates for all clubs . Major League Baseball . Accessed November 2, 2020 . https://dknation.draftkings.com/mlb/2020/2/6/21125715/spring-training-2020-pitchers-catchers-report-dates-position-players-first-workout
23 Kibler WB Sciascia A . Evaluation and management of scapular dyskinesis in overhead athletes . Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med . 2019 ; 12 ( 4 ): 515 – 526 . 31760624

상세보기
24 Lopez-Valenciano A Ruiz-Perez I Garcia-Gomez A , et al. Epidemiology of injuries in professional football: a systematic review and meta-analysis . Br J Sports Med . 2020 ; 54 ( 12 ): 711 – 718 . 31171515

상세보기
25 McGuine TA Keene JS . The effect of a balance training program on the risk of ankle sprains in high school athletes . Am J Sports Med . 2006 ; 34 ( 7 ): 1103 – 1111 . 16476915

상세보기
26 McHugh ML . The chi-square test of independence . Biochem Med (Zagreb) . 2013 ; 23 ( 2 ): 143 – 149 . 23894860
27 McKay CD Tufts RJ Shaffer B Meeuwisse WH . The epidemiology of professional ice hockey injuries: a prospective report of six NHL seasons . Br J Sports Med . 2014 ; 48 ( 1 ): 57 – 62 . 24334505

상세보기
28 Milner-Brown HS Stein RB Lee RG . Synchronization of human motor units: possible roles of exercise and supraspinal reflexes . Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol . 1975 ; 38 ( 3 ): 245 – 254 . 46802

상세보기
29 MLB Advanced Media. MLB miscellany: rules, regulation and statistics . Accessed October 15, 2020 . http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/official_info/about_mlb/rules_regulations.jsp
30 MLB Advanced Media. Major League Baseball Transactions . Accessed August 10, 2020 . http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/transactions/
31 MLB says no new positive coronavirus tests among players for 40 days . ABC , Inc. Accessed November 1, 2020 . https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/30080882/mlb-players-now-33-days-positive-test-coronavirus
32 Mueller MJ Maluf KS . Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research . Phys Ther . 2002 ; 82 ( 4 ): 383 – 403 . 11922854

상세보기
33 Murray MT Riggs MA Engelthaler DM , et al. Mitigating a COVID-19 outbreak among Major League Baseball players---United States, 2020 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2020 ; 69 ( 42 ): 1542 – 1546 . 33090983
34 Piggott B Newton M McGuigan MR . The relationship between training load and incidence of injury and illness over a pre-season at an Australian Football League club . J Aust Strength Cond . 2009 ; 17 : 4 – 17 .
35 Posner M Cameron KL Wolf JM Belmont PJ Jr Owens BD . Epidemiology of Major League Baseball injuries . Am J Sports Med . 2011 ; 39 ( 8 ): 1676 – 1680 . 21709023
36 Development Core Team R . R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing . Vienna, Austria : R Foundation for Statistical Computing ; 2010 .
37 Radwan A Francis J Green A , et al. Is there a relation between shoulder dysfunction and core instability? Int J Sports Phys Ther . 2014 ; 9 ( 1 ): 8 – 13 . 24567850

상세보기
38 Rogalski B Dawson B Heasman J Gabbett TJ . Training and game loads and injury risk in elite Australian footballers . J Sci Med Sport . 2013 ; 16 ( 6 ): 499 – 503 . 23333045
39 Sale DG . Neural adaptation to resistance training . Med Sci Sports Exerc . 1988 ; 20 ( 5)(suppl ): S135 – S145 . 3057313
40 Sciascia BKA . Mechanics, Pathomechanics and Injury in the Overhead Athlete . Springer Nature ; 2019 .
41 Sheth SB Anandayuvaraj D Patel SS Sheth BR . Orthopaedic and brain injuries over last 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL): number and effect on missed playing time . BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med . 2020 ; 6 ( 1 ): e000684 .

상세보기
42 Solomito MJ Garibay EJ Nissen CW . Sagittal plane trunk tilt is associated with upper extremity joint moments and ball velocity in collegiate baseball pitchers . Orthop J Sports Med . 2018 ; 6 ( 10 ): 2325967118800240 .
43 Sullivan J. The velocity surge has plateaued . Accessed November 1 , 2020 . https://blogs.fangraphs.com/the-velocity-surge-has-plateaued/
44 Verhagen EA van Mechelen W de Vente W . The effect of preventive measures on the incidence of ankle sprains . Clin J Sport Med . 2000 ; 10 ( 4 ): 291 – 296 . 11086757

상세보기
45 Watson A Brindle J Brickson S Allee T Sanfilippo J . Preseason aerobic capacity is an independent predictor of in-season injury in collegiate soccer players . Clin J Sport Med . 2017 ; 27 ( 3 ): 302 – 307 . 27347859

상세보기
46 Weber AE Kontaxis A O’Brien SJ Bedi A . The biomechanics of throwing: simplified and cogent . Sports Med Arthrosc Rev . 2014 ; 22 ( 2 ): 72 – 79 . 24787720

상세보기
47 Weinrib B . MLB players opting out of the 2020 season . AMG/Parade . Accessed January 25, 2021 . https://athlonsports.com/mlb/mlb-players-opting-out-2020-season
48 Zazulak BT Hewett TE Reeves NP Goldberg B Cholewicki J . Deficits in neuromuscular control of the trunk predict knee injury risk: a prospective biomechanical-epidemiologic study . Am J Sports Med . 2007 ; 35 ( 7 ): 1123 – 1130 . 17468378

상세보기
49 Zucker J . Timeline of Coronavirus’ Impact on Sports . Turner Sports . Accessed October 14, 2020 . https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2880569-timeline-of-coronavirus-impact-on-sports

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증

Injury Rates in Major League Baseball During the 2020 COVID-19 Season 원문보기

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

주제어

참고문헌 (49)

이 논문을 인용한 문헌

관련 콘텐츠

원문 보기

원문 URL 링크

오픈액세스(OA) 유형

연관된 기능

이 논문과 함께 이용한 콘텐츠

AI-Helper ※ AI-Helper는 오픈소스 모델을 사용합니다.

선택된 텍스트