[논문]Dissociable impact of childhood trauma and deployment trauma on affective modulation of startle

Stout, Daniel M.; Powell, Susan; Kangavary, Aileen; Acheson, Dean T.; Nievergelt, Caroline M.; Kash, Taylor; Simmons, Alan N.; Baker, Dewleen G.; Risbrough, Victoria B.

doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100362

Dissociable impact of childhood trauma and deployment trauma on affective modulation of startle 원문보기

Neurobiology of stress, v.15, 2021년, pp.100362 -

Stout, Daniel M. (VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), USA) , Powell, Susan (VA San Diego Healthcare System, USA) , Kangavary, Aileen (California State University Northridge, USA) , Acheson, Dean T. (VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), USA) , Nievergelt, Caroline M. (VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), USA) , Kash, Taylor (University of California San Diego, USA) , Simmons, Alan N. (VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), USA) , Baker, Dewleen G. (VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), USA) , Risbrough, Victoria B. (VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health (CESAMH), USA)

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

Trauma disorders are often associated with alterations in aversive anticipation and disruptions in emotion/fear circuits. Heightened or blunted anticipatory responding to negative cues in adulthood may be due to differential trauma exposure during development, and previous trauma exposure in childhood may also modify effects of subsequent trauma in adulthood. The aim of the current investigation was to examine the contributions of childhood trauma on affective modulation of startle before and after trauma exposure in adulthood (a combat deployment). Adult male participants from the Marine Resilience Study with (n = 1145) and without (n = 1312) a history of reported childhood trauma completed an affective modulation of startle task to assess aversive anticipation. Affective startle response was operationalized by electromyography (EMG) recording of the orbicularis oculi muscle in response to acoustic stimuli when anticipating positive and negative affective images. Startle responses to affective images were also assessed. Testing occurred over three time-points; before going on a 7 month combat deployment and 3 and 6 months after returning from deployment. Startle response when anticipating negative images was greater compared to pleasant images across all three test periods. Across all 3 time points, childhood trauma was consistently associated with significantly blunted startle when anticipating negative images, suggesting reliable effects of childhood trauma on aversive anticipation. Conversely, deployment trauma was associated with increased startle reactivity post-deployment compared to pre-deployment, which was independent of childhood trauma and image valence. These results support the hypothesis that trauma exposure during development vs. adulthood may have dissociable effects on aversive anticipation and arousal mechanisms. Further study in women and across more refined age groups is needed to test generalizability and identify potential developmental windows for these differential effects.HIGHLIGHTS•Startle response was greater when anticipating negative versus pleasant images.•History of childhood trauma is associated with blunted aversive anticipation.•Recent deployment trauma is associated with an increased startle response.•Trauma across the lifespan may have dissociable effects on affective startle.

주제어

참고문헌 (85)

Abend R. Gold A.L. Britton J.C. Michalska K.J. Shechner T. Sachs J.F. Winkler A.M. Leibenluft E. Averbeck B.B. Pine D.S. Anticipatory threat responding: associations with anxiety, development, and brain structure Biol. Psychiatr. 87 2020 916 925 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.11.006

상세보기
Acheson D.T. Eyler L.T. Resovsky J. Tsan E. Risbrough V.B. Fear extinction memory performance in a sample of stable, euthymic patients with bipolar disorder J. Affect. Disord. 185 2015 230 238 10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.053 26247493

상세보기
Acheson D.T. Geyer M.A. Baker D.G. Nievergelt C.M. Yurgil K. Risbrough V.B. Conditioned fear and extinction learning performance and its association with psychiatric symptoms in active duty Marines Psychoneuroendocrinology 51 2015 495 505 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.09.030 25444643

상세보기
Acheson D.T. Geyer M.A. Risbrough V.B. Psychophysiology in the study of psychological trauma: where are we now and where do we need to Be? Kumari V. Bob P. Boutros N.N. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences 2014 Springer International Publishing Cham 157 183 10.1007/7854_2014_346
Acheson D.T. Stein M.B. Paulus M.P. Ravindran L. Simmons A.N. Lohr J.B. Risbrough V.B. Effects of anxiolytic treatment on potentiated startle during aversive image anticipation Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 27 2012 419 427 10.1002/hup.2243

상세보기
Afifi T.O. MacMillan H.L. Boyle M. Taillieu T. Cheung K. Sareen J. Child abuse and mental disorders in Canada Can. Med. Assoc. J. 186 2014 E324 LP-E332 10.1503/cmaj.131792 24756625

상세보기
Agorastos A. Pittman J.O.E. Angkaw A.C. Nievergelt C.M. Hansen C.J. Aversa L.H. Parisi S.A. Barkauskas D.A. Baker D.G. The cumulative effect of different childhood trauma types on self-reported symptoms of adult male depression and PTSD, substance abuse and health-related quality of life in a large active-duty military cohort J. Psychiatr. Res. 58 2014 46 54 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.014 25139009

상세보기
Baker D.G. Nash W.P. Litz B.T. Geyer M.A. Risbrough V.B. Nievergelt C.M. Predictors of risk and resiliencefor posttraumatic stress disorder among ground combat Marines:methods of the Marine Resiliency Study Prev. Chronic Dis. 9 2012 110134 10.5888/pcd9.110134

상세보기
Bale T.L. Epperson C.N. Sex differences and stress across the lifespan Nat. Neurosci. 18 2015 1413 1420 10.1038/nn.4112 26404716

상세보기
Bannbers E. Kask K. Wikström J. Risbrough V. Poromaa I.S. Patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder have increased startle modulation during anticipation in the late luteal phase period in comparison to control subjects Psychoneuroendocrinology 36 2011 1184 1192 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.011 21435793

상세보기
Bates D. Maechler M. Bolker B. Walker S. lme4: Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Eigen and S4 2014
Beck A.T. Steer R.A. Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual 1993 Harcourt Brace and Company San Antonio, TX
Beck A.T. Steer R.A. Brown G.K. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II 1996 Psychological Corporation San Antonio, TX
Bennett K.P. Dickmann J.S. Larson C.L. If or when? Uncertainty's role in anxious anticipation Psychophysiology 55 2018 e13066 10.1111/psyp.13066

상세보기
Berens A.E. Jensen S.K.G. Nelson C.A. Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications BMC Med. 15 2017 135 10.1186/s12916-017-0895-4 28724431

상세보기
Bernstein D.P. Fink L. Handelsman L. Foote J. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect Am. J.Psychiatr. 151 1994 1132 1136 10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132 8037246

상세보기
Bernstein D.P. Stein J.A. Newcomb M.D. Walker E. Pogge D. Ahluvalia T. Stokes J. Handelsman L. Medrano M. Desmond D. Zule W. Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Child Abuse Negl. 27 2003 169 190 10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0 12615092

상세보기
Blake D.D. Weathers F.W. Nagy L.M. Kaloupek D.G. Gusman F.D. Charney D.S. Keane T.M. The development of a clinician-administered PTSD Scale J. Trauma Stress 8 1995 75 90 10.1007/BF02105408 7712061

상세보기
Bradley M.M. Zlatar Z.Z. Lang P.J. Startle reflex modulation during threat of shock and “threat” of reward Psychophysiology 55 2018 e12989 10.1111/psyp.12989

상세보기
Brauer M. Curtin J.J. Linear mixed-effects models and the analysis of nonindependent data: a unified framework to analyze categorical and continuous independent variables that vary within-subjects and/or within-items Psychol. Methods 23 2018 389 411 10.1037/met0000159 29172609

상세보기
Bunea I.M. Szentágotai-Tătar A. Miu A.C. Early-life adversity and cortisol response to social stress: a meta-analysis Transl. Psychiatry 7 2017 1274 10.1038/s41398-017-0032-3 29225338

상세보기
Copeland W.E. Shanahan L. Hinesley J. Chan R.F. Aberg K.A. Fairbank J.A. van den Oord E.J.C.G. Costello E.J. Association of childhood trauma exposure with adult psychiatric disorders and functional outcomes JAMA Netw. Open 1 2018 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4493 e184493–e184493

상세보기
Curran E. Adamson G. Stringer M. Rosato M. Leavey G. Severity of mental illness as a result of multiple childhood adversities: US National Epidemiologic Survey. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 51 2016 647 657 10.1007/s00127-016-1198-3 26952327

상세보기
de Haan M.I.C. van Well S. Visser R.M. Scholte H.S. van Wingen G.A. Kindt M. The influence of acoustic startle probes on fear learning in humans Sci. Rep. 8 2018 14552 10.1038/s41598-018-32646-1 30267018

상세보기
Dichter G.S. Tomarken A.J. Baucom B.R. Startle modulation before, during and after exposure to emotional stimuli Int. J. Psychophysiol. 43 2002 191 196 10.1016/s0167-8760(01)00170-2 11809522

상세보기
DiGangi J.A. Gorka S. Afshar K. Babione J.M. Schroth C. Greenstein J.E. Proescher E. Dolcos F. Phan K.L. Differential impact of post-deployment stress and PTSD on neural reactivity to emotional stimuli in Iraq and Afghanistan veterans J. Psychiatr. Res. 96 2018 9 14 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.09.019 28950112

상세보기
Ellis B.J. Figueredo A.J. Brumbach B.H. Schlomer G.L. Fundamental dimensions of environmental Risk : the impact of harsh versus unpredictable environments on the evolution and development of life history strategies Hum. Nat. 20 2009 204 268 10.1007/s12110-009-9063-7 25526958

상세보기
Gee D.G. Early life stress: it's all in the timing Sci. Transl. Med. 11 2019 eaay3581 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay3581

상세보기
Gee D.G. Early-life trauma and resilience: insights from developmental neuroscience for policy Biol. Psychiatry. Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 6 2021 141 143 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.005 32807721
Giovanelli A. Reynolds A.J. Mondi C.F. Ou S.-R. Adverse childhood experiences and adult well-being in a low-income, urban cohort Pediatrics 137 2016 e20154016 10.1542/peds.2015-4016

상세보기
Glenn D.E. Acheson D.T. Geyer M.A. Nievergelt C.M. Baker D.G. Risbrough V.B. Fear learning alterations after traumatic brain injury and their role in development of posttraumatic stress symptoms Depress. Anxiety 34 2017 723 733 10.1002/da.22642 28489272

상세보기
Glenn D.E. Acheson D.T. Geyer M.A. Nievergelt C.M. Baker D.G. Risbrough V.B. Team M.R.S. High and low threshold for startle reactivity associated with PTSD symptoms but not PTSD risk: evidence from a prospective study of active duty Marines Depress. Anxiety 33 2016 192 202 10.1002/da.22475 26878585

상세보기
Griffin M.G. A prospective assessment of auditory startle alterations in rape and physical assault survivors J. Trauma Stress 21 2008 91 99 10.1002/jts.20300 18302176

상세보기
Grillon C. Models and mechanisms of anxiety: evidence from startle studies Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 199 2008 421 437 10.1007/s00213-007-1019-1 18058089

상세보기
Grillon C. O'Connell K. Lieberman L. Alvarez G. Geraci M. Pine D.S. Ernst M. Distinct responses to predictable and unpredictable threat in anxiety pathologies: effect of panic attack Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging 2 2017 575 581 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.08.005 29104945

상세보기
Grillon C. Pine D.S. Lissek S. Rabin S. Bonne O. Vythilingam M. Increased anxiety during anticipation of unpredictable aversive stimuli in posttraumatic stress disorder but not in generalized anxiety disorder Biol. Psychiatr. 66 2009 47 53 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.12.028

상세보기
Grupe D.W. Nitschke J.B. Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14 2013 488 501 23783199

상세보기
Guthrie R.M. Bryant R.A. Auditory startle response in firefighters before and after trauma exposure Am. J. Psychiatr. 162 2005 283 290 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.2.283 15677592

상세보기
Hellgren C. Bannbers E. Åkerud H. Risbrough V. Poromaa I.S. Decreased startle modulation during anticipation in the postpartum period in comparison to late pregnancy Arch. Womens. Ment. Health 15 2012 87 94 10.1007/s00737-012-0261-7 22315106

상세보기
Herman J.P. Ostrander M.M. Mueller N.K. Figueiredo H. Limbic system mechanisms of stress regulation: hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 29 2005 1201 1213 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.006

상세보기
Hovens J.G.F.M. Wiersma J.E. Giltay E.J. van Oppen P. Spinhoven P. Penninx B.W.J.H. Zitman F.G. Childhood life events and childhood trauma in adult patients with depressive, anxiety and comorbid disorders vs. controls Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 122 2010 66 74 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01491.x 19878136

상세보기
Hur J. Smith J.F. DeYoung K.A. Anderson A.S. Kuang J. Kim H.C. Tillman R.M. Kuhn M. Fox A.S. Shackman A.J. Anxiety and the neurobiology of temporally uncertain threat anticipation J. Neurosci. 40 2020 7949 7964 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0704-20.2020 32958570

상세보기
Jovanovic T. Blanding N.Q. Norrholm S.D. Duncan E. Bradley B. Ressler K.J. Childhood abuse is associated with increased startle reactivity in adulthood Depress. Anxiety 26 2009 1018 1026 10.1002/da.20599 19691032

상세보기
Kaczmarczyk M. Otte C. Wiedemann K. Kuehl L.K. Schultebraucks K. Spitzer C. Wingenfeld K. Major depression and atrial natriuretic peptide: the role of adverse childhood experiences Psychoneuroendocrinology 101 2019 7 11 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.020 30391559

상세보기
Klauke B. Winter B. Gajewska A. Zwanzger P. Reif A. Herrmann M.J. Dlugos A. Warrings B. Jacob C. Mühlberger A. Arolt V. Pauli P. Deckert J. Domschke K. Affect-Modulated startle: interactive influence of catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met genotype and childhood trauma PloS One 7 2012 e39709

상세보기
Kozak M.J. Cuthbert B.N. The NIMH research domain criteria initiative: background, issues, and pragmatics Psychophysiology 53 2016 286 297 10.1111/psyp.12518 26877115

상세보기
Kuhn M. Wendt J. Sjouwerman R. Büchel C. Hamm A. Lonsdorf T.B. The neurofunctional basis of affective startle modulation in humans: evidence from combined facial electromyography and functional magnetic resonance imaging Biol. Psychiatr. 87 2020 548 558 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.028

상세보기
Lang P.J. Bradley M.M. Cuthbert B.N. International affective picture system (IAPS): instruction manual and affective ratings The Center for Research in Psychophysiology 1999 University of Florida Gainsville
Levine B. Land H. Gender disparities among veterans: the high rate of post-traumatic stress disorder among women in the military Mil. Behav. Heal. 2 2014 59 63 10.1080/21635781.2013.845070

상세보기
Lis S. Thome J. Kleindienst N. Mueller-Engelmann M. Steil R. Priebe K. Schmahl C. Hermans D. Bohus M. Generalization of fear in post-traumatic stress disorder Psychophysiology 57 2020 e13422 10.1111/psyp.13422

상세보기
MacMillan H.L. Georgiades K. Duku E.K. Shea A. Steiner M. Niec A. Tanaka M. Gensey S. Spree S. Vella E. Walsh C.A. De Bellis M.D. Van der Meulen J. Boyle M.H. Schmidt L.A. Cortisol response to stress in female youths exposed to childhood maltreatment: results of the youth mood project Biol. Psychiatr. 66 2009 62 68 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.12.014

상세보기
McLaughlin K.A. Greif Green J. Gruber M.J. Sampson N.A. Zaslavsky A.M. Kessler R.C. Childhood adversities and first onset of psychiatric disorders in a national sample of US adolescents Arch. Gen. Psychiatr. 69 2012 1151 1160 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2277 23117636
McLaughlin K.A. Lambert H.K. Child trauma exposure and psychopathology: mechanisms of risk and resilience Curr. Opin. Psychol. 14 2017 29 34 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.004 27868085

상세보기
McLaughlin K.A. Sheridan M. Humphreys K.L. Belsky J. Eillis B.J. The Value of Dimensional Models of Early Experience: Thinking Clearly about Concepts and Categories 2020 10.31234/osf.io/29fmt PsyArXiv
McLaughlin K.A. Sheridan M.A. Beyond cumulative risk: a dimensional approach to childhood adversity Curr. Pirections Psychol. Sci. 25 2016 239 245 10.1177/0963721416655883

상세보기
McLaughlin K.A. Sheridan M.A. Lambert H.K. Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 47 2014 578 591 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012 25454359

상세보기
McTeague L.M. Lang P.J. The anxiety spectrum and the reflex physiology of defense: from circumscribed fear to broad distress Depress. Anxiety 29 2012 264 281 10.1002/da.21891 22511362

상세보기
Nemeroff C.B. Paradise lost: the neurobiological and clinical consequences of child abuse and neglect Neuron 89 2016 892 909 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.01.019 26938439

상세보기
Nitschke J.B. Larson C.L. Smoller M.J. Navin S.D. Pederson A.J.C. Ruffalo D. Mackiewicz K.L. Gray S.M. Victor E. Davidson R.J. Startle potentiation in aversive anticipation: evidence for state but not trait effects Psychophysiology 39 2002 254 258 10.1111/1469-8986.3920254 12212676

상세보기
Perrin M. Vandeleur C.L. Castelao E. Rothen S. Glaus J. Vollenweider P. Preisig M. Determinants of the development of post-traumatic stress disorder, in the general population Soc. Psychiatr. Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 49 2014 447 457 10.1007/s00127-013-0762-3

상세보기
Pole N. Neylan T.C. Otte C. Henn-Hasse C. Metzler T.J. Marmar C.R. Prospective prediction of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms using fear potentiated auditory startle responses Biol. Psychiatr. 65 2009 235 240 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.015

상세보기
Pole N. Neylan T.C. Otte C. Metzler T.J. Best S.R. Henn-Haase C. Marmar C.R. Associations between childhood trauma and emotion-modulated psychophysiological responses to startling sounds: a study of police cadets J. Abnorm. Psychol. 116 2007 352—361 10.1037/0021-843x.116.2.352 17516767

상세보기
Puetz V.B. Viding E. Gerin M.I. Pingault J.-B. Sethi A. Knodt A.R. Radtke S.R. Brigidi B.D. Hariri A.R. McCrory E. Investigating patterns of neural response associated with childhood abuse v. childhood neglect Psychol. Med. 50 2020 1398 1407 10.1017/S003329171900134X 31190662

상세보기
Risbrough V. Behavioral correlates of anxiety Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci. 2 2010 205 228 10.1007/7854_2009_11 21309111

상세보기
Sabatinelli D. Bradley M.M. Lang P.J. Affective startle modulation in anticipation and perception Psychophysiology 38 2001 719 722 10.1111/1469-8986.3840719 11446586

상세보기
Scher C.D. Stein M.B. Asmundson G.J. McCreary D.R. Forde D.R. The childhood trauma questionnaire in a community sample: psychometric properties and normative data J. Trauma Stress 14 2001 843 857 10.1023/A:1013058625719 11776429

상세보기
Sege C.T. Bradley M.M. Lang P.J. Startle modulation during emotional anticipation and perception Psychophysiology 51 2014 977 981 10.1111/psyp.12244 24980898

상세보기
Shaffer A. Huston L. Egeland B. Identification of child maltreatment using prospective and self-report methodologies: a comparison of maltreatment incidence and relation to later psychopathology Child Abuse Negl. 32 2008 682 692 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.09.010 18638626

상세보기
Shalev A.Y. Peri T. Brandes D. Freedman S. Orr S.P. Pitman R.K. Auditory startle response in trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: a prospective study Am. J. Psychiatr. 157 2000 255 261 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.2.255 10671396

상세보기
Simmons A. Matthews S.C. Stein M.B. Paulus M.P. Anticipation of emotionally aversive visual stimuli activates right insula Neuroreport 15 2004 2261 2265 10.1097/00001756-200410050-00024 15371746

상세보기
Simmons A. Strigo I. Matthews S.C. Paulus M.P. Stein M.B. Anticipation of aversive visual stimuli is associated with increased insula activation in anxiety-prone subjects Biol. Psychiatr. 60 2006 402 409 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.038

상세보기
Simmons A.N. Stein M.B. Strigo I.A. Arce E. Hitchcock C. Paulus M.P. Anxiety positive subjects show altered processing in the anterior insula during anticipation of negative stimuli Hum. Brain Mapp. 32 2011 1836 1846 10.1002/hbm.21154 21181800

상세보기
Taillieu T.L. Brownridge D.A. Sareen J. Afifi T.O. Childhood emotional maltreatment and mental disorders: results from a nationally representative adult sample from the United States Child Abuse Negl. 59 2016 1 12 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.07.005 27490515

상세보기
Tajima E.A. Herrenkohl T.I. Huang B. Whitney S.D. Measuring child maltreatment: a comparison of prospective parent reports and retrospective adolescent reports Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 74 2004 424 435 10.1037/0002-9432.74.4.424 15554804

상세보기
Taubitz L.E. Robinson J.S. Larson C.L. Modulation of the startle reflex across time by unpleasant pictures distinguishes dysphoric from non-dysphoric women Int. J. Psychophysiol. 87 2013 124 129 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.11.002 23147394

상세보기
Taylor-Clift A. Morris B.H. Rottenberg J. Kovacs M. Emotion-modulated startle in anxiety disorders is blunted by co-morbid depressive episodes Psychol. Med. 41 2011 129 139 10.1017/S003329171000036X 20230657

상세보기
Teicher M.H. Samson J.A. Anderson C.M. Ohashi K. The effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function and connectivity Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 17 2016 10.1038/nrn.2016.111

상세보기
Toth M. Gresack J.E. Bangasser D.A. Plona Z. Valentino R.J. Flandreau E.I. Mansuy I.M. Merlo-Pich E. Geyer M.A. Risbrough V.B. Forebrain-specific CRF overproduction during development is sufficient to induce enduring anxiety and startle abnormalities in adult mice Neuropsychopharmacology 39 2014 1409 1419 10.1038/npp.2013.336 24326400

상세보기
van Oort J. Tendolkar I. Hermans E.J. Mulders P.C. Beckmann C.F. Schene A.H. Fernández G. van Eijndhoven P.F. How the brain connects in response to acute stress: a review at the human brain systems level Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 83 2017 281 297 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.10.015 29074385

상세보기
van Wingen G.A. Geuze E. Vermetten E. Fernández G. The neural consequences of combat stress: long-term follow-up Mol. Psychiatr. 17 2012 116 118 10.1038/mp.2011.110

상세보기
Vogt D. Smith B.N. King L.A. King D.W. Knight J. Vasterling J.J. Deployment risk and resilience inventory-2 (DRRI-2): an updated tool for assessing psychosocial risk and resilience factors among service members and veterans J. Trauma Stress 26 2013 710 717 10.1002/jts.21868 24490250

상세보기
Wiedemann K. Jahn H. Kellner M. Effects of natriuretic peptides upon hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical system activity and anxiety behaviour Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 108 2000 5 13 10.1055/s-0032-1329209 10768826

상세보기
Yohn N.L. Blendy J.A. Adolescent chronic unpredictable stress exposure is a sensitive window for long-term changes in adult behavior in mice Neuropsychopharmacology 42 2017 1670 1678 10.1038/npp.2017.11 28094283

상세보기
Young E.S. Doom J.R. Farrell A.K. Carlson E.A. Englund M.M. Miller G.E. Gunnar M.R. Roisman G.I. Simpson J.A. Life stress and cortisol reactivity: an exploratory analysis of the effects of stress exposure across life on HPA-axis functioning Dev. Psychopathol. 1–12 2020 10.1017/S0954579419001779

상세보기
Zhu J. Lowen S.B. Anderson C.M. Ohashi K. Khan A. Teicher M.H. Association of prepubertal and postpubertal exposure to childhood maltreatment with adult amygdala function JAMA Psychiatry 76 2019 843 853 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0931 31241756

상세보기

표제어: PCR

동의어: Packet Collision Rate

용어 설명 출처 목록 (6)

용어 설명: PCR은 세균 특이성이 있는 primer를 이용하여 적은 수의 세균이 있을지라도 쉽게 검출할 수 있는 유용한 방법이며, 이를 이용하여 구강 내 치면세균막이나 타액에서 직접 세균을 검출할 수 있게 되었다[8].

내보내기 구분	파일저장 인쇄 메일전송
구성항목	기본정보 상세정보 관리번호, 논문명, 저널/프로시딩명, 저자 , 발행년, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, 발행기관 관리번호, 논문명, 대등논문명, 저자 , 저널/프로시딩명, 발행기관, 발행년, 발행언어, 권, 호, 시작페이지, 끝페이지, ISBN, ISSN, 주제분야, 키워드, 초록(한글), 초록(영문), 저자(소속기관)
저장형식	Text(ASCII format) Excel format RefWorks Direct Export RIS format (for Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote), Scholar's Aids, Mendeley
메일정보	받는사람 (필수) @ 보내는사람 (선택) @ 제목 내용 KISTI 검색결과 이메일 서비스
안내	총 건의 자료가 검색되었습니다. 다운받으실 자료의 인덱스를 입력하세요. (1-10,000) 검색결과의 순서대로 최대 10,000건 까지 다운로드가 가능합니다. 데이타가 많을 경우 속도가 느려질 수 있습니다.(최대 2~3분 소요) 다운로드 파일은 UTF-8 형태로 저장됩니다. 파일의 내용이 제대로 보이지 않을실 때는 웹브라우저 상단의 보기 -> 인코딩 -> 자동선택 여부를 확인하십시오. ~ Text(ASCII format) Excel format

연합인증

Dissociable impact of childhood trauma and deployment trauma on affective modulation of startle 원문보기

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper

주제어

참고문헌 (85)

이 논문을 인용한 문헌

관련 콘텐츠

원문 보기

원문 URL 링크

오픈액세스(OA) 유형

이 논문과 함께 이용한 콘텐츠

AI-Helper ※ AI-Helper는 오픈소스 모델을 사용합니다.

선택된 텍스트