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From Technocracy to Aristocracy: The Changing Career Paths of Japanese Politicians

Journal of East Asian studies, v.5 no.2, 2005년, pp.239 - 272  

North, Christopher Titus

Abstract ▼ AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

My study investigates whether there has been a relative decline in the position of the Japanese bureaucracy in their relationship with politicians in recent decades. My hypothesis is that the loss of bureaucratic influence has been a function of the declining position of former bureaucrats within th...

참고문헌 (38)

  1. Ibid.. 

  2. Some ministers were both former bureaucrats and second-generation politicians (seven during the 1955-1969 period and eleven in each of the two following periods. 

  3. “Zoku Giin” no Kenkyuu 19 1987 Inoguchi 

  4. “Shigoto ha Senkyo ni Tousen suru koto,” Asahi Shimbun (newspaper), May 28, 2004, available at http://www.asahi.com/special/nenkin/TKY200405270308.html. 

  5. Trading Places: How We Are Giving Our Future to Japan and How to Reclaim It 242 1988 Prestowitz 

  6. MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Japanese Industrial Policy, 1925-1975 45 1982 10.1515/9780804765602 Johnson 

    crossref

  7. Johnson Chalmers , MITI and the Japanese Miracle, pp. 20-21. 

  8. Japan: Who Governs? 13 1995 Johnson 

  9. Okimoto , Between MITI and the Market, pp. 181, 219. 

  10. Looking at the Sun 1994 Prestowitz 

  11. Kishi and Sato were also brothers, despite different family names. 

  12. Ibid., p. 142. 

  13. Johnson , MITI and the Japanese Miracle, p. 47; Okimoto , Between MITI and the Market, p. 219. 

  14. The Logic of Japanese Politics: Leaders, Institutions, and the Limits of Change 53 1999 Curtis 

  15. Heisei Kanryouron 16 1994 Ohmae 

  16. From Technocracy to Aristocracy: The Changing Career Paths of Japanese Politicians 2003 North 

  17. “Seshuu”: Daigishi no Kenkyuu 1990 Ichikawa 

  18. Sengo no Nippon Kanryousei 15 1981 Muramatsu 

  19. Ibid., p. 49. 

  20. The Japanese Way of Politics 88 1988 Curtis 

  21. Japanese Politics Today: Beyond Karaoke Democracy 96 1997 Inoguchi 

  22. The Political Economy of Japan, vol. 1: The Domestic Transformation 62 1987 Murakami 

  23. Governments, Markets, and Growth: Financial Systems and the Politics of Industrial Change 235 1983 Zysman 

  24. Inoguchi Takashi and Iwai Tomoaki , “Zoku Giin” no Kenkyuu. 

  25. Japan's Political Marketplace 13 1993 Mark Ramseyer 

  26. Seijika Jinmei Jiten (Japanese Statesmen: A Biographical Dictionary) 1990 Sato 

  27. A person who is elected to the lower house is credited each time with one seniority point. Thus, “Senior” generally refers to the number of times a person has been elected to the lower house. However, in the case where a lower house member first served in the upper house (which is typically no more than 5 percent of lower house members), that person is credited with one “Senior” point for each three years or fraction thereof served in the upper house, which is the convention used in the LDP. While the Diet also consists of an upper house, that body is less powerful, and examination of the Diet will focus on the lower house. 

  28. Actually, the seniority system in the bureaucracy only became rigid following World War II. 

  29. Probit analysis was also conducted and the results are very similar. 

  30. Including reappointments and duel portfolios, the numbers break down as follows: 1,422 for lower house members, 209 for upper house members, and 23 for non-Diet members. 

  31. Thirteen individuals who were not members of the Diet have served a total of twenty-four stints in the cabinet during the 1955-2004 period. Seven of these individuals were former bureaucrats and one was a child of a politician, but because they were not themselves politicians at the time of their appointment to the cabinet, they were considered neither FB nor Nisei in Table 9 and Figure 1. There was never more than one of these nonpolitician former bureaucrats in the cabinet at one time. 

  32. North , From Technocracy to Aristocracy. 

  33. Inoguchi Takashi and Iwai Tomoaki , “Zoku Giin” no Kenkyuu. 

  34. Examples of the popular assumption that zoku politicians and bureaucrats work together to thwart reform can be found in Shinoda Tomohito , Hashimoto's Leadership in Administrative Reform, IUJ Research Institute Working Paper, Asia Pacific Series No. 13, available at http://www.iuj.ac.jp/research/wpap013.cfm); and “Poor Diet Policy Debate,” editorial in Asahi Shimbun, October 15, 2004. 

  35. Ibid., p. 75. 

  36. Freer Markets, More Rules: Regulatory Reform in Advanced Industrial Countries 171 1996 Vogel 

  37. Amakudari means “descent from heaven” and refers to jobs arranged for retiring bureaucrats. 

  38. Nippon-gata Democracy no Gyakusetsu: Nisei Giin ha Naze Umareru no ka? 1991 Matsuzaki 

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