$\require{mediawiki-texvc}$

연합인증

연합인증 가입 기관의 연구자들은 소속기관의 인증정보(ID와 암호)를 이용해 다른 대학, 연구기관, 서비스 공급자의 다양한 온라인 자원과 연구 데이터를 이용할 수 있습니다.

이는 여행자가 자국에서 발행 받은 여권으로 세계 각국을 자유롭게 여행할 수 있는 것과 같습니다.

연합인증으로 이용이 가능한 서비스는 NTIS, DataON, Edison, Kafe, Webinar 등이 있습니다.

한번의 인증절차만으로 연합인증 가입 서비스에 추가 로그인 없이 이용이 가능합니다.

다만, 연합인증을 위해서는 최초 1회만 인증 절차가 필요합니다. (회원이 아닐 경우 회원 가입이 필요합니다.)

연합인증 절차는 다음과 같습니다.

최초이용시에는
ScienceON에 로그인 → 연합인증 서비스 접속 → 로그인 (본인 확인 또는 회원가입) → 서비스 이용

그 이후에는
ScienceON 로그인 → 연합인증 서비스 접속 → 서비스 이용

연합인증을 활용하시면 KISTI가 제공하는 다양한 서비스를 편리하게 이용하실 수 있습니다.

Musculoskeletal disorders associated with obesity: a biomechanical perspective 원문보기

Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, v.7 no.3, 2006년, pp.239 - 250  

Wearing, S. C. (School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Qld, Australia) ,  Hennig, E. M. ,  Byrne, N. M. (Biomechanik Labor, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany) ,  Steele, J. R. ,  Hills, A. P. (School of Human Movement Studies, Queensland University of Technology, Qld, Australia)

Abstract AI-Helper 아이콘AI-Helper

SummaryDespite the multifactorial nature of musculoskeletal disease, obesity consistently emerges as a key and potentially modifiable risk factor in the onset and progression of musculoskeletal conditions of the hip, knee, ankle, foot and shoulder. To date, the majority of research has focused on th...

주제어

참고문헌 (208)

  1. World Health Organisation.The Burden of Musculoskeletal Conditions at the Start of the New Millennium.World Health Organization Technical Report Series Vol. 919 2003. 

  2. Lee, P.. The economic impact of musculoskeletal disorders. Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation, vol.3, no.suppl1, S85-S91.

  3. Yelin, Edward, Callahan, Leigh F.. Special article the economic cost and social and psychological impact of musculoskeletal conditions. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.38, no.10, 1351-1362.

  4. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl Lindgren B. 58 281 1998 10.1080/17453674.1998.11744795 The economic impact of musculoskeletal disorders 

  5. Australia’s Health 2004 Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. 2004 

  6. Hootman, Jennifer M., Macera, Carol A., Ainsworth, Barbara E., Martin, Malissa, Addy, Cheryl L., Blair, Steven N.. Association among Physical Activity Level, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Risk of Musculoskeletal Injury. American journal of epidemiology, vol.154, no.3, 251-258.

  7. Jones, Bruce H., Bovee, Matthew W., Harris III, John McA., Cowan, David N.. Intrinsic risk factors for exercise-related injuries among male and female army trainees. The American journal of sports medicine, vol.21, no.5, 705-710.

  8. Heir, T., Eide, G.. Age, body composition, aerobic fitness and health condition as risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in conscripts. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, vol.6, no.4, 222-227.

  9. Ross, James, Woodward, Alistair. Risk Factors for Injury during Basic Military Training : Is There a Social Element to Injury Pathogenesis?. Journal of occupational medicine : official publication of the Industrial Medical Association, vol.36, no.10, 1120-1126.

  10. Peltonen, Markku, Lindroos, Anna Karin, Torgerson, Jarl S. Musculoskeletal pain in the obese: a comparison with a general population and long-term changes after conventional and surgical obesity treatment. Pain, vol.104, no.3, 549-557.

  11. Kortt, Michael, Baldry, Jonathan. The association between musculoskeletal disorders and obesity. Australian health review : a publication of the Australian Hospital Association, vol.25, no.6, 207-.

  12. Aoyagi, Kiyoshi, Ross, Philip D., Okano, Kunihiko, Hayashi, Takuo, Moji, Kazuhiko, Kusano, Yosuke, Takemoto, Tai-ichiro. Association of body mass index with joint pain among community-dwelling women in Japan. Aging clinical and experimental research, vol.14, no.5, 378-381.

  13. Mattsson, E, Larsson, U Evers, Rössner, S. Is walking for exercise too exhausting for obese women?. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, vol.21, no.5, 380-386.

  14. Hulens, M., Vansant, G., Claessens, A. L., Lysens, R., Muls, E.. Predictors of 6-minute walk test results in lean, obese and morbidly obese women. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, vol.13, no.2, 98-105.

  15. Tsuritani, Ikiko, Honda, Ryumon, Noborisaka, Yuka, Ishida, Masaaki, Ishizaki, Masao, Yamada, Yuichi. Impact of obesity on musculoskeletal pain and difficulty of daily movements in Japanese middle-aged women. Maturitas, vol.42, no.1, 23-30.

  16. J Bone Joint Surg Riddle DL 872 85 2003 10.2106/00004623-200305000-00015 Risk factors for plantar fasciitis: a matched case‐control study 

  17. Andersen, Ross E., Crespo, Carlos J., Bartlett, Susan J., Bathon, Joan M., Fontaine, Kevin R.. Relationship between Body Weight Gain and Significant Knee, Hip, and Back Pain in Older Americans. Obesity research, vol.11, no.10, 1159-1162.

  18. Becker, Jefferson, Nora, Daniel B, Gomes, Irenio, Stringari, Fernanda F, Seitensus, Rafael, Panosso, Juliana S, Ehlers, João Arthur C. An evaluation of gender, obesity, age and diabetes mellitus as risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome. Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.113, no.9, 1429-1434.

  19. WENDELBOE, AARON M., HEGMANN, KURT T., GREN, LISA H., ALDER, STEPHEN C., WHITE JR., GEORGE L., LYON, JOSEPH L.. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN BODY-MASS INDEX AND SURGERY FOR ROTATOR CUFF TENDINITIS :. Journal of bone and joint surgery : American volume, vol.86, no.4, 743-747.

  20. Walker-Bone, Karen E., Palmer, Keith T., Reading, Isabel, Cooper, Cyrus. Soft-tissue rheumatic disorders of the neck and upper limb: prevalence and risk factors. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, vol.33, no.3, 185-203.

  21. Ding, Changhai, Cicuttini, Flavia, Scott, Fiona, Cooley, Helen, Jones, Graeme. Knee Structural Alteration and BMI: A Cross‐sectional Study. Obesity research, vol.13, no.2, 350-361.

  22. Buckwalter, Joseph A, Saltzman, Charles, Brown, Thomas. The Impact of Osteoarthritis: Implications for Research. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, vol.427, S6-S15.

  23. J Rheumatol Lidgren L. 4 67 2003 The bone and joint decade and the global economic and healthcare burden of musculoskeletal disease 

  24. J Rheumatol Davis MA 591 18 1991 Knee osteoarthritis and physical functioning: evidence from the NHANES I Epidemiologic Followup Study 

  25. Felson, David T.. Osteoarthritis: New Insights. Part 1: The Disease and Its Risk Factors. Annals of internal medicine, vol.133, no.8, 635-.

  26. Lawrence, J. S., Bremner, J. M., Bier, F.. Osteo-Arthrosis: Prevalence in the Population and Relationship between Symptoms andX-ray Changes. Annals of the rheumatic diseases : the official journal, vol.25, no.1, 1-24.

  27. 10.1093/rheumatology/23.3.161 

  28. Alexander, C. J.. Idiopathic osteoarthritis: time to change paradigms?. Skeletal radiology, vol.33, no.6, 321-324.

  29. Martel-Pelletier, Johanne. Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, vol.12, no.suppl, 31-33.

  30. Spector, Tim D., MacGregor, Alex J.. Risk factors for osteoarthritis: genetics. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, vol.12, no.suppl, 39-44.

  31. 10.1002/1529-0131(199804)41:4<687::AID-ART16>3.0.CO;2-2 

  32. Roos, Ewa M. Joint injury causes knee osteoarthritis in young adults. Current opinion in rheumatology, vol.17, no.2, 195-200.

  33. Lajeunesse, Daniel. The role of bone in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, vol.12, no.suppl, 34-38.

  34. Hanna, Fahad S., Wluka, Anita E., Bell, Robin J., Davis, Susan R., Cicuttini, Flavia M.. Osteoarthritis and the postmenopausal woman: Epidemiological, magnetic resonance imaging, and radiological findings. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism, vol.34, no.3, 631-636.

  35. von Mühlen, Denise, Morton, Deborah, von Mühlen, Carlos A., Barrett-Connor, Elizabeth. Postmenopausal Estrogen and Increased Risk of Clinical Osteoarthritis at the Hip, Hand, and Knee in Older Women. Journal of women’s health & gender-based medicine, vol.11, no.6, 511-518.

  36. 10.1002/0470867639.ch4 

  37. Sharma, Leena. Local factors in osteoarthritis. Current opinion in rheumatology, vol.13, no.5, 441-446.

  38. Sowers, MaryFran. Epidemiology of risk factors for osteoarthritis: systemic factors. Current opinion in rheumatology, vol.13, no.5, 447-451.

  39. Lohmander, L.Stefan, Felson, David. Can we identify a ‘high risk’ patient profile to determine who will experience rapid progression of osteoarthritis?. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, vol.12, no.suppl, 49-52.

  40. Felson, David T. Risk Factors for Osteoarthritis: Understanding Joint Vulnerability. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, vol.427, S16-S21.

  41. Doherty, Michael. Risk factors for progression of knee osteoarthritis. The Lancet, vol.358, no.9284, 775-776.

  42. Manek, Nisha J., Hart, Deborah, Spector, Timothy D., MacGregor, Alexander J.. The association of body mass index and osteoarthritis of the knee joint: An examination of genetic and environmental influences. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.48, no.4, 1024-1029.

  43. Felson, David T., Goggins, Joyce, Niu, Jingbo, Zhang, Yuqing, Hunter, David J.. The effect of body weight on progression of knee osteoarthritis is dependent on alignment. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.50, no.12, 3904-3909.

  44. Lievense, A. M., Bierma‐Zeinstra, S. M. A., Verhagen, A. P., van Baar, M. E., Verhaar, J. A. N., Koes, B. W.. Influence of obesity on the development of osteoarthritis of the hip: a systematic review. Rheumatology, vol.41, no.10, 1155-1162.

  45. Coggon, D, Reading, I, Croft, P, McLaren, M, Barrett, D, Cooper, C. Knee osteoarthritis and obesity. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, vol.25, no.5, 622-627.

  46. 10.1002/1529-0131(200005)43:5<995::AID-ANR6>3.0.CO;2-1 

  47. Gelber, Allan C, Hochberg, Marc C, Mead, Lucy A, Wang, Nae-Yuh, Wigley, Fredrick M, Klag, Michael J. Body mass index in young men and the risk of subsequent knee and hip osteoarthritis. The American journal of medicine, vol.107, no.6, 542-548.

  48. 10.1002/1529-0131(199901)42:1<17::AID-ANR2>3.0.CO;2-E 

  49. Cooper, C, Inskip, H, Croft, P, Campbell, L, Smith, G, McLaren, M, Coggon, D. Individual risk factors for hip osteoarthritis: obesity, hip injury, and physical activity.. American journal of epidemiology, vol.147, no.6, 516-522.

  50. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115334 

  51. Dumond, Hélène, Presle, Nathalie, Terlain, Bernard, Mainard, Didier, Loeuille, Damien, Netter, Patrick, Pottie, Pascale. Evidence for a key role of leptin in osteoarthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.48, no.11, 3118-3129.

  52. HAARA, MIKKO M., HELIÖVAARA, MARKKU, KRÖGER, HEIKKI, AROKOSKI, JARI P.A., MANNINEN, PIRJO, KÄRKKÄINEN, ALPO, KNEKT, PAUL, IMPIVAARA, OLLI, AROMAA, ARPO. OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT OF THE THUMB : PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATIONS WITH DISABILITY AND MORTALITY. Journal of bone and joint surgery : American volume, vol.86, no.7, 1452-1457.

  53. Powell, A, Teichtahl, A J, Wluka, A E, Cicuttini, F M. Obesity: a preventable risk factor for large joint osteoarthritis which may act through biomechanical factors. British journal of sports medicine, vol.39, no.1, 4-5.

  54. Koh, Jason, Dietz, Jeffrey. Osteoarthritis in Other Joints (Hip, Elbow, Foot, Ankle, Toes, Wrist) after Sports Injuries. Clinics in sports medicine, vol.24, no.1, 57-70.

  55. Taylor, William R, Heller, Markus O, Bergmann, Georg, Duda, Georg N. Tibio-femoral loading during human gait and stair climbing. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, vol.22, no.3, 625-632.

  56. Clin Orthop Hsu RW 215 255 1990 Normal axial alignment of the lower extremity and load‐bearing distribution at the knee 

  57. Leung, P C, Wong, W L. The vessels of the first metatarsal web space. An operative and radiographic study. :. Journal of bone and joint surgery : American volume, vol.65, no.2, 235-238.

  58. J Bone Joint Surg Johnson F 346 62 1980 10.1302/0301-620X.62B3.7410467 The distribution of load across the knee: a comparison of static and dynamic measurements 

  59. Hurwitz, Debra E, Sumner, Dale R, Andriacchi, Thomas P, Sugar, David A. Dynamic knee loads during gait predict proximal tibial bone distribution. Journal of biomechanics, vol.31, no.5, 423-430.

  60. Tsuji, Takashi, Kitano, Kouzo, Yamano, Yoshiki, Sato, Tetsuya, Koike, Tatsuya. Distribution of bone mineral density in the proximal tibia in mid-teens. Journal of bone and mineral metabolism, vol.19, no.5, 324-328.

  61. Wada, M., Maezawa, Y., Baba, H., Shimada, S., Sasaki, S., Nose, Y.. Relationships among bone mineral densities, static alignment and dynamic load in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology, vol.40, no.5, 499-505.

  62. J Rheumatol Cicuttini FM 554 29 2002 Compartment differences in knee cartilage volume in healthy adults 

  63. Swann, A C, Seedhom, B B. Improved Techniques for Measuring the Indentation and Thickness of Articular Cartilage. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of engineering in medicine, vol.203, no.3, 143-150.

  64. Eckstein, F., Winzheimer, Margarete, Westhoff, Jörn, Schnier, Michael, Haubner, Michael, Englmeier, Karl-Hans, Reiser, Maximilian, Putz, Reinhard. Quantitative relationships of normal cartilage volumes of the human knee joint - assessment by magnetic resonance imaging. Anatomy and embryology, vol.197, no.5, 383-390.

  65. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4636(199608)31:4<519::AID-JBM12>3.0.CO;2-B 

  66. Armstrong, Sarah J., Read, Richard A., Price, Roger. Topographical variation within the articular cartilage and subchondral bone of the normal ovine knee joint: a histological approach. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, vol.3, no.1, 25-33.

  67. RADIN, ERIC L., ROSE, ROBERT M.. Role of Subchondral Bone in the Initiation and Progression of Cartilage Damage :. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, vol.213, 34???40-.

  68. Hurwitz, Debra E., Sumner, Dale R., Block, Joel A.. Bone Density, Dynamic Joint Loading and Joint Degeneration. Cells, tissues, organs, vol.169, no.3, 201-209.

  69. Hulet, C., Sabatier, J.P., Souquet, D., Locker, B., Marcelli, C., Vielpeau, C.. Distribution of Bone Mineral Density at the Proximal Tibia in Knee Osteoarthritis. Calcified tissue international, vol.71, no.4, 315-322.

  70. Hochberg, Marc C., Lethbridge-Cejku, Margaret, Tobin, Jordan D.. Bone mineral density and osteoarthritis: Data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, vol.12, no.suppl, 45-48.

  71. J Rheumatol Goker B 735 27 2000 Bone mineral density varies as a function of the rate of joint space narrowing in the hip 

  72. Bruyere, O, Dardenne, C, Lejeune, E, Zegels, B, Pahaut, A, Richy, F, Seidel, L, Ethgen, O, Henrotin, Y, Reginster, J.-Y. Subchondral tibial bone mineral density predicts future joint space narrowing at the medial femoro-tibial compartment in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Bone, vol.32, no.5, 541-545.

  73. Muehleman, C., Berzins, A., Koepp, H., Eger, W., Cole, A.A., Kuettner, K.E., Sumner, D.R.. Bone density of the human talus does not increase with the cartilage degeneration score. The Anatomical record, vol.266, no.2, 81-86.

  74. Messner, K., Fahlgren, A., Ross, I., Andersson, B.. Simultaneous changes in bone mineral density and articular cartilage in a rabbit meniscectomy model of knee osteoarthrosis. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, vol.8, no.3, 197-206.

  75. Wluka, A E. How does tibial cartilage volume relate to symptoms in subjects with knee osteoarthritis?. Annals of the rheumatic diseases : the official journal, vol.63, no.3, 264-268.

  76. Hunter, D.J., March, L., Sambrook, P.N.. The association of cartilage volume with knee pain. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, vol.11, no.10, 725-729.

  77. Cicuttini, F M, Wluka, A E, Stuckey, S L. Tibial and femoral cartilage changes in knee osteoarthritis.. Annals of the rheumatic diseases : the official journal, vol.60, no.10, 977-980.

  78. Jones, G, Ding, Changhai, Scott, F, Glisson, M, Cicuttini, F. Early radiographic osteoarthritis is associated with substantial changes in cartilage volume and tibial bone surface area in both males and females. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, vol.12, no.2, 169-174.

  79. Gandy, S.J., Dieppe, P.A., Keen, M.C., Maciewicz, R.A., Watt, I., Waterton, J.C.. No loss of cartilage volume over three years in patients with knee osteoarthritis as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, vol.10, no.12, 929-937.

  80. J Rheumatol Cicuttini F 2615 29 2002 The determinants of change in patella cartilage volume in osteoarthritic knees 

  81. Wluka, Anita E., Stuckey, Stephen, Snaddon, Judith, Cicuttini, Flavia M.. The determinants of change in tibial cartilage volume in osteoarthritic knees. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.46, no.8, 2065-2072.

  82. Cicuttini, F. M., Wluka, A. E., Wang, Y., Stuckey, S. L.. Longitudinal study of changes in tibial and femoral cartilage in knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.50, no.1, 94-97.

  83. Jones, Graeme, Ding, Changhai, Glisson, Michael, Hynes, Kristen, Ma, Deqiong, Cicuttini, Flavia. Knee Articular Cartilage Development in Children: A Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Sex, Growth, Body Composition, and Physical Activity. Pediatric research, vol.54, no.2, 230-236.

  84. 10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2543::AID-ANR23>3.0.CO;2-K 

  85. Jones, G, Bennell, K, Cicuttini, F M. Effect of physical activity on cartilage development in healthy kids. British journal of sports medicine, vol.37, no.5, 382-383.

  86. 10.1177/03635465000280041601 

  87. Eckstein, F. In vivo cartilage deformation after different types of activity and its dependence on physical training status. Annals of the rheumatic diseases : the official journal, vol.64, no.2, 291-295.

  88. Ding, C., Cicuttini, F., Scott, F., Glisson, M., Jones, G.. Sex differences in knee cartilage volume in adults: role of body and bone size, age and physical activity. Rheumatology, vol.42, no.11, 1317-1323.

  89. Faber, S. C., Eckstein, F., Lukasz, S., Mühlbauer, R., Hohe, J., Englmeier, K.-H., Reiser, M.. Gender differences in knee joint cartilage thickness, volume and articular surface areas: assessment with quantitative three-dimensional MR imaging. Skeletal radiology, vol.30, no.3, 144-150.

  90. Hudelmaier, Martin, Glaser, Christian, Englmeier, Karl-Hans, Reiser, Maximilian, Putz, Reinhard, Eckstein, Felix. Correlation of knee-joint cartilage morphology with muscle cross-sectional areas vs. anthropometric variables. The anatomical record. Part A, Discoveries in molecular, cellular, and evolutionary biology, vol.a270, no.2, 175-184.

  91. Zhai, Guangju, Stankovich, James, Ding, Changhai, Scott, Fiona, Cicuttini, Flavia, Jones, Graeme. The genetic contribution to muscle strength, knee pain, cartilage volume, bone size, and radiographic osteoarthritis: A sibpair study. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.50, no.3, 805-810.

  92. Cicuttini, Flavia M., Teichtahl, Andrew J., Wluka, Anita E., Davis, Susan, Strauss, Boyd J. G., Ebeling, Peter R.. The relationship between body composition and knee cartilage volume in healthy, middle-aged subjects. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.52, no.2, 461-467.

  93. 10.1002/1529-0131(199811)41:11<1951::AID-ART9>3.0.CO;2-9 

  94. Hortobágyi, Tibor, Garry, Joseph, Holbert, Donald, Devita, Paul. Aberrations in the control of quadriceps muscle force in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.51, no.4, 562-569.

  95. Slemenda, Charles. Quadriceps Weakness and Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Annals of internal medicine, vol.127, no.2, 97-.

  96. 10.1136/ard.60.6.612 

  97. Baker, Kristin R., Xu, Ling, Zhang, Yuqing, Nevitt, Michael, Niu, Jingbo, Aliabadi, Piran, Yu, Wei, Felson, David. Quadriceps weakness and its relationship to tibiofemoral and patellofemoral knee osteoarthritis in Chinese: The Beijing osteoarthritis study. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.50, no.6, 1815-1821.

  98. 10.1093/rheumatology/37.11.1181 

  99. Maurer, Brian T., Stern, Alan G., Kinossian, Bruce, Cook, Karen D., Schumacher Jr., H.Ralph. Osteoarthritis of the knee: Isokinetic quadriceps exercise versus an educational intervention. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, vol.80, no.10, 1293-1299.

  100. 10.1136/ard.60.12.1123 

  101. Ettinger, W H, Burns, R, Messier, S P, Applegate, W, Rejeski, W J, Morgan, T, Shumaker, S, Berry, M J, O'Toole, M, Monu, J, Craven, T. A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST).. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association, vol.277, no.1, 25-31.

  102. 10.1002/1529-0131(200108)45:4<331::AID-ART345>3.0.CO;2-6 

  103. Messier, Stephen P., Loeser, Richard F., Miller, Gary D., Morgan, Timothy M., Rejeski, W. Jack, Sevick, Mary Ann, Ettinger Jr., Walter H., Pahor, Marco, Williamson, Jeff D.. Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: The arthritis, diet, and activity promotion trial. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.50, no.5, 1501-1510.

  104. Messier, Stephen P., Loeser, Richard F., Mitchell, Michelle N., Valle, Gianfranco, Morgan, Timothy P., Rejeski, W. Jack, Ettinger, Walter H.. Exercise and Weight Loss in Obese Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Preliminary Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.48, no.9, 1062-1072.

  105. Syed, I.Y., Davis, B.L.. Obesity and osteoarthritis of the knee: hypotheses concerning the relationship between ground reaction forces and quadriceps fatigue in long-duration walking. Medical hypotheses, vol.54, no.2, 182-185.

  106. Imhof, H., Breitenseher, M., Kainberger, F., Trattnig, S.. Degenerative joint disease: cartilage or vascular disease?. Skeletal radiology, vol.26, no.7, 398-403.

  107. Radin, E.L., Parker, H.G., Pugh, J.W., Steinberg, R.S., Paul, I.L., Rose, R.M.. Response of joints to impact loading - III - Relationship between trabecular microfractures and cartilage degeneration. Journal of biomechanics, vol.6, no.1, 51-54,IN9-IN11,55-57.

  108. Wakeling, James M., Liphardt, Anna-Maria, Nigg, Benno M.. Muscle activity reduces soft-tissue resonance at heel-strike during walking. Journal of biomechanics, vol.36, no.12, 1761-1769.

  109. Basic Appl Myol Mizrahi J 111 7 1997 The influence of fatigue on EMG and impact acceleration in running 

  110. Mercer, JA, Bates, BT, Dufek, JS, Hreljac, A. Characteristics of shock attenuation during fatigued running. Journal of sports sciences, vol.21, no.11, 911-919.

  111. Voloshin, Arkady S., Mizrahi, Joseph, Verbitsky, Oleg, Isakov, Eli. Dynamic loading on the human musculoskeletal system —effect of fatigue. Clinical biomechanics, vol.13, no.7, 515-520.

  112. Mikesky, Alan E., Meyer, Adele, Thompson, Kerry L.. Relationship between quadriceps strength and rate of loading during gait in women. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, vol.18, no.2, 171-175.

  113. Flynn, Janice M, Holmes, Jeffrey D, Andrews, David M. The effect of localized leg muscle fatigue on tibial impact acceleration. Clinical biomechanics, vol.19, no.7, 726-732.

  114. Pain, Matthew T.G., Challis, John H.. The role of the heel pad and shank soft tissue during impacts: a further resolution of a paradox. Journal of biomechanics, vol.34, no.3, 327-333.

  115. J Appl Biomech Pain MTG 309 20 2004 10.1123/jab.20.3.309 Wobbling mass influence on impact ground reaction forces: a simulation model sensitivity analysis 

  116. Messier, Stephen P., Ettinger, Walter H., Doyle, Thomas E., Morgan, Timothy, James, Margaret K., O'Toole, Mary L., Burns, Robert. Obesity: Effects on Gait in an Osteoarthritic Population. Journal of applied biomechanics, vol.12, no.2, 161-172.

  117. J Rheumatol Brandt KD 2431 26 1999 Quadriceps strength in women with radiographically progressive osteoarthritis of the knee and those with stable radiographic changes 

  118. Sharma, Leena, Dunlop, Dorothy D., Cahue, September, Song, Jing, Hayes, Karen W.. Quadriceps Strength and Osteoarthritis Progression in Malaligned and Lax Knees. Annals of internal medicine, vol.138, no.8, 613-.

  119. Cahue, September, Dunlop, Dorothy, Hayes, Karen, Song, Jing, Torres, Leah, Sharma, Leena. Varus–valgus alignment in the progression of patellofemoral osteoarthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.50, no.7, 2184-2190.

  120. Astephen, J.L., Deluzio, K.J.. Changes in frontal plane dynamics and the loading response phase of the gait cycle are characteristic of severe knee osteoarthritis application of a multidimensional analysis technique. Clinical biomechanics, vol.20, no.2, 209-217.

  121. Felson, D. T., Gale, D. R., Elon Gale, M., Niu, J., Hunter, D. J., Goggins, J., LaValley, M. P.. Osteophytes and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology, vol.44, no.1, 100-104.

  122. Cerejo, Rui, Dunlop, Dorothy D., Cahue, September, Channin, David, Song, Jing, Sharma, Leena. The influence of alignment on risk of knee osteoarthritis progression according to baseline stage of disease. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.46, no.10, 2632-2636.

  123. Sharma, L, Song, J, Felson, D T, Cahue, S, Shamiyeh, E, Dunlop, D D. The role of knee alignment in disease progression and functional decline in knee osteoarthritis.. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association, vol.286, no.2, 188-195.

  124. 10.1002/1529-0131(200008)43:8<1874::AID-ANR25>3.0.CO;2-2 

  125. Kobayashi, T, Yoshihara, Y, Yamada, H, Fujikawa, K. Procollagen IIC-peptide as a marker for assessing mechanical risk factors of knee osteoarthritis: effect of obesity and varus alignment.. Annals of the rheumatic diseases : the official journal, vol.59, no.12, 982-984.

  126. 10.1002/1529-0131(200003)43:3<568::AID-ANR13>3.0.CO;2-E 

  127. Bruns, J., Volkmer, M., Luessenhop, S.. Pressure distribution at the knee joint : Influence of varus and valgus deviation without and with ligament dissection. Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery, vol.113, no.1, 12-19.

  128. Mündermann, Anne, Dyrby, Chris O., Hurwitz, Debra E., Sharma, Leena, Andriacchi, Thomas P.. Potential strategies to reduce medial compartment loading in patients with knee osteoarthritis of varying severity: Reduced walking speed. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.50, no.4, 1172-1178.

  129. 10.1002/1529-0131(199807)41:7<1233::AID-ART14>3.0.CO;2-L 

  130. 10.1136/ard.61.7.617 

  131. Baliunas, A.J, Hurwitz, D.E, Ryals, A.B, Karrar, A, Case, J.P, Block, J.A, Andriacchi, T.P. Increased knee joint loads during walking are present in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, vol.10, no.7, 573-579.

  132. Chang, Alison, Hayes, Karen, Dunlop, Dorothy, Hurwitz, Debra, Song, Jing, Cahue, September, Genge, Ronuk, Sharma, Leena. Thrust during ambulation and the progression of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.50, no.12, 3897-3903.

  133. Hurwitz, D.E, Ryals, A.B, Case, J.P, Block, J.A, Andriacchi, T.P. The knee adduction moment during gait in subjects with knee osteoarthritis is more closely correlated with static alignment than radiographic disease severity, toe out angle and pain. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, vol.20, no.1, 101-107.

  134. Felson, David T., Zhang, Yuqing, Hannan, Marian T., Naimark, Allan, Weissman, Barbara, Aliabadi, Piran, Levy, Daniel. Risk factors for incident radiographic knee osteoarthritis in the elderly. The framingham study. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.40, no.4, 728-733.

  135. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord Manninen P 595 20 1996 Overweight, gender and knee osteoarthritis 

  136. Tountas, A. A., Fornasier, V. L.. Operative Treatment of Subcalcaneal Pain :. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, vol.332, 170-178.

  137. McGonagle, Dennis, Marzo-Ortega, Helena, O'Connor, Philip, Gibbon, Wayne, Pease, Colin, Reece, Richard, Emery, Paul. The role of biomechanical factors and HLA-B27 in magnetic resonance imaging-determined bone changes in plantar fascia enthesopathy. Arthritis and rheumatism, vol.46, no.2, 489-493.

  138. J Bone Joint Surg Prichasuk S. 140 76 1994 10.1302/0301-620X.76B1.8300659 The heel pad in plantar heel pain 

  139. Hill Jr., James J., Cutting, Paul J.. Heel Pain and Body Weight. Foot & ankle : the official journal of the American Orthopaedic Foot Society, vol.9, no.5, 254-256.

  140. Rano, James A., Fallat, Lawrence M., Savoy-Moore, Ruth T.. Correlation of heel pain with body mass index and other characteristics of heel pain. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery, vol.40, no.6, 351-356.

  141. Mil Med Sadat‐Ali M. 56 163 1998 10.1093/milmed/163.1.56 Plantar fasciitis/calcaneal spur among security forces personnel 

  142. Hicks, J.H.. THE FOOT AS A SUPPORT. Cells, tissues, organs, vol.25, no.1, 34-45.

  143. Huang, Ching-Kuei, Kitaoka, Harold B., An, Kai-Nan, Chao, Edmund Y. S.. Biomechanical Evaluation of Longitudinal Arch Stability. Foot & ankle : the official journal of the American Orthopaedic Foot Society, vol.14, no.6, 353-357.

  144. WRIGHT, D. G., RENNELS, D. C.. A Study of the Elastic Properties of Plantar Fascia :. Journal of bone and joint surgery : American volume, vol.46, no.3, 482-492.

  145. Cornwall, Mark W., McPoil, Thomas G.. Plantar Fasciitis: Etiology and Treatment. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, vol.29, no.12, 756-760.

  146. Chang Gung Med J Huang YC 443 27 2004 The relationship between the flexible flatfoot and plantar fasciitis: ultrasonographic evaluation 

  147. J Sport Rehabil Kaya BK. 305 5 1996 10.1123/jsr.5.4.305 Plantar fasciitis in athletes 

  148. Clin Orthop Prichasuk S 192 306 1994 The relationship of pes planus and calcaneal spur to plantar heel pain 

  149. Shama, SS, Kominsky, SJ, Lemont, H. Prevalence of non-painful heel spur and its relation to postural foot position. Journal of the American Podiatry Association, vol.73, no.3, 122-123.

  150. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics. Dowling AM 30 2001 

  151. Birtane, Murat, Tuna, Hakan. The evaluation of plantar pressure distribution in obese and non-obese adults. Clinical biomechanics, vol.19, no.10, 1055-1059.

  152. Dowling, A M, Steele, J R, Baur, L A. Does obesity influence foot structure and plantar pressure patterns in prepubescent children?. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, vol.25, no.6, 845-852.

  153. Riddiford-Harland, D L, Steele, J R, Storlien, L H. Does obesity influence foot structure in prepubescent children?. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, vol.24, no.5, 541-544.

  154. Gravante, G, Russo, G, Pomara, F, Ridola, C. Comparison of ground reaction forces between obese and control young adults during quiet standing on a baropodometric platform. Clinical biomechanics, vol.18, no.8, 780-782.

  155. Messier, Stephen P., Davies, Angela B., Moore, Dominic T., Davis, Shala E., Pack, Robert J., Kazmar, Scott C.. Severe Obesity: Effects on Foot Mechanics During Walking. Foot & ankle international, vol.15, no.1, 29-34.

  156. MESSIER, STEPHEN P., PITTALA, KATHY A.. Etiologic factors associated with selected running injuries :. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, vol.20, no.5, 501???505-.

  157. WARREN, BARBARA L.. Anatomical factors associated with predicting plantar fasciitis in long-distance runners :. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, vol.16, no.1, 60???63-.

  158. Rome, Keith, Howe, Tracey, Haslock, Ian. Risk factors associated with the development of plantar heel pain in athletes. The Foot, vol.11, no.3, 119-125.

  159. WEARING, SCOTT C., SMEATHERS, JAMES E., YATES, BEDE, SULLIVAN, PATRICK M., URRY, STEPHEN R., DUBOIS, PHILIP. Sagittal Movement of the Medial Longitudinal Arch Is Unchanged in Plantar Fasciitis. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, vol.36, no.10, 1761-1767.

  160. Clin Sports Med Kwong P 119 7 1988 10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30963-7 Plantar fasciitis: mechanics and pathomechanics of treatment 

  161. Cavanagh, Peter R. Plantar soft tissue thickness during ground contact in walking. Journal of biomechanics, vol.32, no.6, 623-628.

  162. Jahss, Melvin H., Michelson, James D., Desai, Panna, Kaye, Robert, Kummer, Frederick, Buschman, William, Watkins, Frank, Reich, Steven. Investigations into the Fat Pads of the Sole of the Foot: Anatomy and Histology. Foot & ankle : the official journal of the American Orthopaedic Foot Society, vol.13, no.5, 233-242.

  163. Miller, Wallace E.. The heel pad. The American journal of sports medicine, vol.10, no.1, 19-21.

  164. ROBBINS, STEVEN E., GOUW, GERARD J., HANNA, ADEL M.. Running-related injury prevention through innate impact-moderating behavior :. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, vol.21, no.2, 130???139-.

  165. De Clercq, D., Aerts, P., Kunnen, M.. The mechanical characteristics of the human heel pad during foot strike in running: An in vivo cineradiographic study. Journal of biomechanics, vol.27, no.10, 1213-1222.

  166. Kinoshita, H., Ogawa, T., Kuzuhara, K., Ikuta, K.. In Vivo Examination of the Dynamic Properties of the Human Heel Pad. International journal of sports medicine, vol.14, no.6, 312-.

  167. Gefen, Amit, Megido-Ravid, Michal, Itzchak, Yacov. In vivo biomechanical behavior of the human heel pad during the stance phase of gait. Journal of biomechanics, vol.34, no.12, 1661-1665.

  168. Jørgensen, Uffe, Bojsen-Møller, Finn. Shock Absorbency of Factors in the Shoe/Heel Interaction-With Special Focus on Role of the Heel Pad. Foot & ankle : the official journal of the American Orthopaedic Foot Society, vol.9, no.6, 294-299.

  169. SterzingT UttendorferM HennigEM.Foot mapping of vibration sensitivity thresholds. Paper presented at: 13th Biannual Conference of the Canadian Society of Biomechanics Halifax Canada 2004. 

  170. HennigEM BeierleT SterzingT.Touch sensitivity thresholds across the dorsal and plantar surfaces of human feet. Paper presented at: 13th Biannual Conference of the Canadian Society of Biomechanics Halifax Canada 2004. 

  171. Rome, Keith, Webb, Paul, Unsworth, Anthony, Haslock, Ian. Heel pad stiffness in runners with plantar heel pain. Clinical biomechanics, vol.16, no.10, 901-905.

  172. Onwuanyi, O.N.. Calcaneal spurs and plantar heel pad pain. The Foot, vol.10, no.4, 182-185.

  173. Özdemır, Hakan, Söyüncü, Yetkın, Özgörgen, Mete, Dabak, Kürşat. Effects of Changes in Heel Fat Pad Thickness and Elasticity on Heel Pain. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association : JAPMA, vol.94, no.1, 47-52.

  174. Turgut, Akin, G??kt??rk, Erol, K??se, Nusret, Seber, Sinan, Hazer, B??lent, G??nal, ??zge. The Relationship of Heel Pad Elasticity and Plantar Heel Pain :. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, vol.360, 191-196.

  175. Foot Ankle Int Kanatli U 662 22 2001 10.1177/107110070102200808 The relationship of the heel pad compressibility and plantar pressure distribution 

  176. Foot Ankle Int Rome K 142 23 2002 10.1177/107110070202300211 Heel pad thickness: a contributing factor associated with plantar heel pain in young adults 

  177. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics Nass D 74 1999 

  178. Liddle, David, Rome, Keith, Howe, Tracey. Vertical ground reaction forces in patients with unilateral plantar heel pain — a pilot study. Gait & posture, vol.11, no.1, 62-66.

  179. Dowling, A M, Steele, J R, Baur, L A. What are the effects of obesity in children on plantar pressure distributions?. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, vol.28, no.11, 1514-1519.

  180. Hills, A P, Hennig, E M, McDonald, M, Bar-Or, O. Plantar pressure differences between obese and non-obese adults: a biomechanical analysis. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders : journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, vol.25, no.11, 1674-1679.

  181. Greenspan, J. D., Thomadaki, M., McGillis, S. L. B.. Spatial summation of perceived pressure, sharpness and mechanically evoked cutaneous pain. Somatosensory & motor research, vol.14, no.2, 107-112.

  182. Hodge, Margaret C., Bach, Timothy M., Carter, George M.. Orthotic management of plantar pressure and pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical biomechanics, vol.14, no.8, 567-575.

  183. Brinker, Mark R., OʼConnor, Daniel P.. The Incidence of Fractures and Dislocations Referred for Orthopaedic Services in a Capitated Population :. Journal of bone and joint surgery : American volume, vol.86, no.2, 290-297.

  184. Johnell, Olof. The socioeconomic burden of fractures: Today and in the 21st century. The American journal of medicine, vol.103, no.2, S20-S26.

  185. Gomberg, Bruce F.C, Gruen, Gary S, Smith, Wade R, Spott, MaryAnn. Outcomes in acute orthopaedic trauma: a review of 130,506 patients by age. Injury, vol.30, no.6, 431-437.

  186. Greenspan, S L, Myers, E R, Maitland, L A, Resnick, N M, Hayes, W C. Fall severity and bone mineral density as risk factors for hip fracture in ambulatory elderly.. JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association, vol.271, no.2, 128-133.

  187. Lauritzen, J.B.. Hip fractures: incidence, risk factors, energy absorption, and prevention. Bone, vol.18, no.1, S65-S75.

  188. Dan Med Bull Lauritzen JB. 155 44 1997 Hip fractures: epidemiology, risk factors, falls, energy absorption, hip protectors, and prevention 

  189. Schwartz, A. V., Kelsey, J. L., Sidney, S., Grisso, J. A.. Characteristics of Falls and Risk of Hip Fracture in Elderly Men. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, vol.8, no.3, 240-246.

  190. SHIRAKI, MASATAKA, ITO, HIDEKI, FUJIMAKI, HIROSHI, HIGUCHI, TATSUO. Relation between Body Size and Bone Mineral Density with special reference to Sex Hormones and Calcium Regulating Hormones in Elderly Females.. Endocrinologia japonica, vol.38, no.4, 343-349.

  191. Kato, Ikuko, Toniolo, Paolo, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, Anne, Shore, Roy E, Koenig, Karen L, Akhmedkhanov, Arslan, Riboli, Elio. Diet, smoking and anthropometric indices and postmenopausal bone fractures: a prospective study. International journal of epidemiology, vol.29, no.1, 85-92.

  192. Bedogni, G., Mussi, C., Malavolti, M., Borghi, A., Poli, M., Battistini, N., Salvioli, G.. Relationship between body composition and bone mineral content in young and elderly women. Annals of human biology, vol.29, no.5, 559-565.

  193. Gerdhem, P., Ringsberg, K. A. M., �kesson, K., Obrant, K. J.. Influence of muscle strength, physical activity and weight on bone mass in a population-based sample of 1004 elderly women. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA, vol.14, no.9, 768-772.

  194. Robinovitch, Stephen N., McMahon, Thomas A., Hayes, Wilson C.. Force attenuation in trochanteric soft tissues during impact from a fall. Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society, vol.13, no.6, 956-962.

  195. Dan Med Bull Lauritzen JB 91 39 1992 Protection against hip fractures by energy absorption 

  196. Nevitt, Michael C., Cummings, Steven R.. Type of Fall and Risk of Hip and Wrist Fractures: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, vol.41, no.11, 1226-1234.

  197. Høidrup, Susanne, Sørensen, Thorkild I. A., Strøger, Ulla, Lauritzen, Jes Bruun, Schroll, Marianne, Grønbæk, Morten. Leisure-time Physical Activity Levels and Changes in Relation to Risk of Hip Fracture in Men and Women. American journal of epidemiology, vol.154, no.1, 60-68.

  198. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116833 

  199. Maffeis, Claudio, Tatò, Luciano. Long-Term Effects of Childhood Obesity on Morbidity and Mortality. Hormone research, vol.55, no.suppl1, 42-45.

  200. Goulding, A., Jones, I. E., Taylor, R. W., Manning, P. J., Williams, S. M.. More Broken Bones: A 4-Year Double Cohort Study of Young Girls With and Without Distal Forearm Fractures. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, vol.15, no.10, 2011-2018.

  201. Skaggs, David L., Loro, M. Luiza, Pitukcheewanont, Pisit, Tolo, Vernon, Gilsanz, Vicente. Increased Body Weight and Decreased Radial Cross-Sectional Dimensions in Girls with Forearm Fractures. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, vol.16, no.7, 1337-1342.

  202. Dr. Goulding, A., Cannan, R., Williams, S. M., Gold, E. J., Taylor, R. W., Lewis-Barned, N. J.. Bone Mineral Density in Girls with Forearm Fractures. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, vol.13, no.1, 143-148.

  203. Weiler, H.A, Janzen, L, Green, K, Grabowski, J, Seshia, M.M, Yuen, K.C. Percent body fat and bone mass in healthy Canadian females 10 to 19 years of age. Bone, vol.27, no.2, 203-207.

  204. Thorsen, Kim, Nordström, Peter, Lorentzon, Ronny, Dahlén, Gösta H.. The Relation between Bone Mineral Density, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Lipoprotein (a), Body Composition, and Muscle Strength in Adolescent Males. The Journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism, vol.84, no.9, 3025-3029.

  205. Specker, Bonny L., Johannsen, Neil, Binkley, Teresa, Finn, Kevin. Total Body Bone Mineral Content and Tibial Cortical Bone Measures in Preschool Children. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, vol.16, no.12, 2298-2305.

  206. Bailey, D. A., Mckay, H. A., Mirwald, R. L., Crocker, P. R. E., Faulkner, R. A.. A Six-Year Longitudinal Study of the Relationship of Physical Activity to Bone Mineral Accrual in Growing Children: The University of Saskatchewan Bone Mineral Accrual Study. Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, vol.14, no.10, 1672-1679.

  207. Kvaavik, Elisabeth, Tell, Grethe S., Klepp, Knut-Inge. Predictors and Tracking of Body Mass Index From Adolescence Into Adulthood : Follow-up of 18 to 20 Years in the Oslo Youth Study. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, vol.157, no.12, 1212-.

  208. Petti, S., Cairella, G., Tarsitani, G.. Childhood obesity: a risk factor for traumatic injuries to anterior teeth. Endodontics & dental traumatology, vol.13, no.6, 285-288.

관련 콘텐츠

이 논문과 함께 이용한 콘텐츠

저작권 관리 안내
섹션별 컨텐츠 바로가기

AI-Helper ※ AI-Helper는 오픈소스 모델을 사용합니다.

AI-Helper 아이콘
AI-Helper
안녕하세요, AI-Helper입니다. 좌측 "선택된 텍스트"에서 텍스트를 선택하여 요약, 번역, 용어설명을 실행하세요.
※ AI-Helper는 부적절한 답변을 할 수 있습니다.

선택된 텍스트

맨위로