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There were a variety of barley seeding methods practiced in Korea: spring seeding and fall seeding according to the seasons, and dry-field seeding and waterfield seeding according to places. However, barley cultivation was usually made by dry-field and fall seeding. Barley cultivated in dry field was raised by double-cropping, as was the case with many cereals. There were two methods: the "Kun'gyong" method and the "Taejon" method. The former was to sow the seeds of other cereals after the barley was harvested: the latter was to sow the seeds of other cereals in the furrows of a field before the barley was harvested. However, the "Kun'gyong" method was most widely employed, representing these two kinds of dry-field double-cropping. Raised by this method in addition to barley were chiefly beans and millet, though other cereals were also cultivated. Such dry-field double-cropping was generally well spread, though it more or less varied with areas, until tax exemption made at the time of short harvest was finally discontinued by law. In principle, barley was cultivated in dry fields because of [its aversion to moisture and wind. In the latter period of the Yi Dynasty, however, barley seeding in waterfields became prevalent for various reasons. This method might already have been employed locally in the early period of Yi Dynasty, but it was not popularized in that period. It was in the latter period of the Yi Dynasty that this method was widely spread, a fact closely related to the spread of the rice-transplantation method as a waterfield rice cultivation technique. Yet, barley seeding in waterfields did not spread so widely as the barley seeding method was employed chiefly in the Kyongsang, Ch'ungch'ong and Cholla Provinces, specifically in the areas south of the Kum river. In the provinces north of the central distiricts, the season for rice transplantation was earlier than in the central districts and southward due to the climate, and therefore, barley cultivation in waterfields was cautioned. As mentioned above, there were several factors in the spread of barley seeding in waterfields. Above all, the development of the technique of using a waterfield for a dry field should be noted. Other factors to be specially noted are (1) that barley was the main provision of farmer during the rice exhausion period and farmers in the waterfield areas were forced to utilize their waterfields for dry fields to raise barley; (2)that wealthy farmers endeavored to increase their income by planting barley in waterfields; (3) that the government encouraged the raising of barley since it could be relief food in the year of a lean rice crop; and (4) that books on agriculture were then prevalent and consequently the general farmers acquired knowledge about barley seeding in waterfields. In short, the spread of barley seeding in waterfields resulted from the realization of the economic importance of cultivating barley and also from the technical solution of utilizing waterfields for dry fields. Therefore, the spread of barley seeding in waterfields can be understood not only from the viewpoint of agricultural technical improvement but from the viewpoint of the development of productivity, which paralleled the spread of the rice-transplantation method. Thus, through this fact, which was closely connected with various problems arising in rural society in the latter period of the Yi Dynasty, we can recognize the socio-economic significance of the spread of the double-cropping of rice and barley.
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