참고문헌 (76)

1. Sekirov I , Russell SL , Antunes LC , Finlay BB . Gut microbiota in health and disease . Physiol. Rev. 2010 ; 90 : 859 – 904 . 

   상세보기

2. Qin J , Li R , Raes J et al . A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing . Nature 2010 ; 464 : 59 – 65 . 

   상세보기

3. Frank DN , St Amand AL , Feldman RA , Boedeker EC , Harpaz N , Pace NR . Molecular‐phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007 ; 104 : 13780 – 13785 . 

   상세보기

4. Faith JJ , Guruge JL , Charbonneau M et al . The long‐term stability of the human gut microbiota . Science 2013 ; 341 : 1237439 . 

   상세보기

5. Hamer HM , Jonkers D , Venema K , Vanhoutvin S , Troost FJ , Brummer RJ . Review article: the role of butyrate on colonic function . Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2008 ; 27 : 104 – 119 . 

   상세보기

6. Hooper LV , Littman DR , Macpherson AJ . Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system . Science 2012 ; 336 : 1268 – 1273 . 

   상세보기

7. Eckburg PB , Bik EM , Bernstein CN et al . Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora . Science 2005 ; 308 : 1635 – 1638 . 

   상세보기

8. Engel P , Martinson VG , Moran NA . Functional diversity within the simple gut microbiota of the honey bee . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012 ; 109 : 11002 – 11007 . 

   상세보기

9. Clarridge JE 3rd . Impact of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis for identification of bacteria on clinical microbiology and infectious diseases . Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2004 ; 17 : 840 – 862 . 

   상세보기

10. Margulies M , Egholm M , Altman WE . Genome sequencing in microfabricated highdensity picolitre reactors . Nature 2005 ; 437 : 376 – 380 . 

    상세보기

11. Turnbaugh PJ , Hamady M , Yatsunenko T et al . A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins . Nature 2009 ; 457 : 480 – 484 . 

    상세보기

12. Mahowald MA , Rey FE , Seedorf H et al . Characterizing a model human gut microbiota composed of members of its two dominant bacterial phyla . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009 ; 106 : 5859 – 5864 . 

    상세보기

13. Samuel BS , Gordon JI . A humanized gnotobiotic mouse model of host‐archaeal‐bacterial mutualism . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2006 ; 103 : 10011 – 10016 . 

    상세보기

14. Schaedler RW , Dubs R , Costello R . Association of germfree mice with bacteria isolated from normal mice . J. Exp. Med. 1965 ; 22 : 77 – 82 . 

15. Stehr M , Greweling MC , Tischer S et al . Charles River altered Schaedler flora (CRASF) remained stable for four years in a mouse colony housed in individually ventilated cages . Lab Anim. 2009 ; 43 : 362 – 370 . 

16. Gill SR , Pop M , Deboy RT et al . Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome . Science 2006 ; 312 : 1355 – 1359 . 

    상세보기

17. Hirayama K , Itoh K . Human flora‐associated (HFA) animals as a model for studying the role of intestinal flora in human health and disease . Curr. Issues Intest. Microbiol. 2005 ; 6 : 69 – 75 . 

    상세보기

18. Catala M , Anton A , Portoles MT . Characterization of the simultaneous binding of Escherichia coli endotoxin to Kupffer and endothelial liver cells by flow cytometry . Cytometry 1999 ; 36 : 123 – 130 . 

    상세보기

19. Compare D , Coccoli P , Rocco A et al . Gut–liver axis: the impact of gut microbiota on non alcoholic fatty liver disease . Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2012 ; 22 : 471 – 476 . 

20. Abu‐Shanab A , Quigley EM . The role of the gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease . Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2010 ; 7 : 691 – 701 . 

    상세보기

21. Backhed F , Manchester JK , Semenkovich CF , Gordon JI . Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet‐induced obesity in germ‐free mice . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007 ; 104 : 979 – 984 . 

    상세보기

22. Backhed F , Ding H , Wang T et al . The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004 ; 101 : 15718 – 15723 . 

    상세보기

23. Turnbaugh PJ , Ley RE , Mahowald MA , Magrini V , Mardis ER , Gordon JI . An obesity‐associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest . Nature 2006 ; 444 : 1027 – 1031 . 

    상세보기

24. Ley RE , Turnbaugh PJ , Klein S , Gordon JI . Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity . Nature 2006 ; 444 : 1022 – 1023 . 

    상세보기

25. Zhang H , DiBaise JK , Zuccolo A et al . Human gut microbiota in obesity and after gastric bypass . Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2009 ; 106 : 2365 – 2370 . 

    상세보기

26. Sabate JM , Jouet P , Harnois F et al . High prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with morbid obesity: a contributor to severe hepatic steatosis . Obes. Surg. 2008 ; 18 : 371 – 377 . 

27. Caricilli AM , Saad MJ . The role of gut microbiota on insulin resistance . Nutrients 2013 ; 5 : 829 – 851 . 

    상세보기

28. Volynets V , Kuper MA , Strahl S et al . Nutrition, intestinal permeability, and blood ethanol levels are altered in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) . Dig. Dis. Sci. 2012 ; 57 : 1932 – 1941 . 

    상세보기

29. Creely SJ , McTernan PG , Kusminski CM et al . Lipopolysaccharide activates an innate immune system response in human adipose tissue in obesity and type 2 diabetes . Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007 ; 292 : E740 – 747 . 

    상세보기

30. Li Z , Yang S , Lin H et al . Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibit inflammatory activity and improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease . Hepatology 2003 ; 37 : 343 – 350 . 

31. Day CP , James OF . Steatohepatitis: a tale of two “hits.” Gastroenterology 1998 ; 114 : 842 – 845 . 

32. Gao B , Jeong WI , Tian Z . Liver: an organ with predominant innate immunity . Hepatology 2008 ; 47 : 729 – 736 . 

33. Elinav E , Strowig T , Kau AL et al . NLRP6 inflammasome regulates colonic microbial ecology and risk for colitis . Cell 2011 ; 145 : 745 – 757 . 

    상세보기

34. Henao‐Mejia J , Elinav E , Jin C et al . Inflammasome‐mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity . Nature 2012 ; 482 : 179 – 185 . 

    상세보기

35. Ye D , Li FY , Lam KS et al . Toll‐like receptor‐4 mediates obesity‐induced non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis through activation of X‐box binding protein‐1 in mice . Gut 2012 ; 61 : 1058 – 1067 . 

    상세보기

36. Csak T , Velayudham A , Hritz I et al . Deficiency in myeloid differentiation factor‐2 and toll‐like receptor 4 expression attenuates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis in mice . Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2011 ; 300 : G433 – 441 . 

37. Crespo J , Cayon A , Fernandez‐Gil P et al . Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and TNF‐receptors, p55 and p75, in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients . Hepatology 2001 ; 34 : 1158 – 1163 . 

38. Cope K , Risby T , Diehl AM . Increased gastrointestinal ethanol production in obese mice: implications for fatty liver disease pathogenesis . Gastroenterology 2000 ; 119 : 1340 – 1347 . 

39. Sarkola T , Eriksson CJ . Effect of 4‐methylpyrazole on endogenous plasma ethanol and methanol levels in humans . Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2001 ; 25 : 513 – 516 . 

40. Zhu L , Baker SS , Gill C et al . Characterization of gut microbiomes in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients: a connection between endogenous alcohol and NASH . Hepatology 2013 ; 57 : 601 – 609 . 

41. Baker SS , Baker RD , Liu W , Nowak NJ , Zhu L . Role of alcohol metabolism in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis . PLoS ONE 2010 ; 5 : e9570 . 

42. Rao R . Endotoxemia and gut barrier dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease . Hepatology 2009 ; 50 : 638 – 644 . 

43. Mutlu EA , Gillevet PM , Rangwala H et al . Colonic microbiome is altered in alcoholism . Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2012 ; 302 : G966 – 978 . 

44. Mukhopadhya I , Hansen R , El‐Omar EM , Hold GL . IBD‐what role do Proteobacteria play? Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2012 ; 9 : 219 – 230 . 

    상세보기

45. Hartmann P , Chen WC , Schnabl B . The intestinal microbiome and the leaky gut as therapeutic targets in alcoholic liver disease . Front. Physiol. 2012 ; 3 : 402 . 

    상세보기

46. Amin PB , Diebel LN , Liberati DM . Dose‐dependent effects of ethanol and E. coli on gut permeability and cytokine production . J. Surg. Res. 2009 ; 157 : 187 – 192 . 

    상세보기

47. Basuroy S , Sheth P , Mansbach CM , Rao RK . Acetaldehyde disrupts tight junctions and adherens junctions in human colonic mucosa: protection by EGF and L‐glutamine . Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2005 ; 289 : G367 – 375 . 

48. Forsyth CB , Tang Y , Shaikh M , Zhang L , Keshavarzian A . Role of snail activation in alcohol‐induced iNOS‐mediated disruption of intestinal epithelial cell permeability . Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2011 ; 35 : 1635 – 1643 . 

49. Tang Y , Forsyth CB , Farhadi A et al . Nitric oxide‐mediated intestinal injury is required for alcohol‐induced gut leakiness and liver damage . Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2009 ; 33 : 1220 – 1230 . 

50. Lakshmi CP , Ghoshal UC , Kumar S et al . Frequency and factors associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with cirrhosis of the liver and extra hepatic portal venous obstruction . Dig. Dis. Sci. 2010 ; 55 : 1142 – 1148 . 

    상세보기

51. Gupta A , Dhiman RK , Kumari S et al . Role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and delayed gastrointestinal transit time in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy . J. Hepatol. 2010 ; 53 : 849 – 855 . 

    상세보기

52. Chen Y , Yang F , Lu H et al . Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis . Hepatology 2011 ; 54 : 562 – 572 . 

53. Gomez‐Hurtado I , Santacruz A , Peiro G et al . Gut microbiota dysbiosis is associated with inflammation and bacterial translocation in mice with CCl4‐induced fibrosis . PLoS ONE 2011 ; 6 : e23037 . 

54. Such J , Frances R , Munoz C et al . Detection and identification of bacterial DNA in patients with cirrhosis and culture‐negative, nonneutrocytic ascites . Hepatology 2002 ; 36 : 135 – 141 . 

55. Papp M , Norman GL , Vitalis Z et al . Presence of anti‐microbial antibodies in liver cirrhosis—a tell‐tale sign of compromised immunity? PLoS ONE 2010 ; 5 : e12957 . 

56. Scarpellini E , Valenza V , Gabrielli M et al . Intestinal permeability in cirrhotic patients with and without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: is the ring closed? Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010 ; 105 : 323 – 327 . 

    상세보기

57. Steffen EK , Berg RD , Deitch EA . Comparison of translocation rates of various indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph node . J. Infect. Dis. 1988 ; 157 : 1032 – 1038 . 

    상세보기

58. Garcia‐Tsao G . Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis . Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 1992 ; 21 : 257 – 275 . 

59. Natarajan SK , Ramamoorthy P , Thomas S et al . Intestinal mucosal alterations in rats with carbon tetrachloride‐induced cirrhosis: changes in glycosylation and luminal bacteria . Hepatology 2006 ; 43 : 837 – 846 . 

60. Liu Q , Duan ZP , Ha DK , Bengmark S , Kurtovic J , Riordan SM . Synbiotic modulation of gut flora: effect on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis . Hepatology 2004 ; 39 : 1441 – 1449 . 

61. Llovet JM , Bartoli R , March F et al . Translocated intestinal bacteria cause spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic rats: molecular epidemiologic evidence . J. Hepatol. 1998 ; 28 : 307 – 313 . 

62. Guarner C , Runyon BA , Young S , Heck M , Sheikh MY . Intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats with ascites . J. Hepatol. 1997 ; 26 : 1372 – 1378 . 

    상세보기

63. Garcia‐Gonzalez M , Boixeda D , Herrero D , Burgaleta C . Effect of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor on leukocyte function in cirrhosis . Gastroenterology 1993 ; 105 : 527 – 531 . 

64. Rajkovic IA , Williams R . Abnormalities of neutrophil phagocytosis, intracellular killing and metabolic activity in alcoholic cirrhosis and hepatitis . Hepatology 1986 ; 6 : 252 – 262 . 

65. Such J , Guarner C , Enriquez J , Rodriguez JL , Seres I , Vilardell F . Low C3 in cirrhotic ascites predisposes to spontaneous bacterial peritonitis . J. Hepatol. 1988 ; 6 : 80 – 84 . 

    상세보기

66. Rimola A , Soto R , Bory F , Arroyo V , Piera C , Rodes J . Reticuloendothelial system phagocytic activity in cirrhosis and its relation to bacterial infections and prognosis . Hepatology 1984 ; 4 : 53 – 58 . 

67. Lamontagne A , Long RE , Comunale MA et al . Altered functionality of anti‐bacterial antibodies in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection . PLoS ONE 2013 ; 8 : e64992 . 

68. Inamura T , Miura S , Tsuzuki Y et al . Alteration of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and increased bacterial translocation in a murine model of cirrhosis . Immunol. Lett. 2003 ; 90 : 3 – 11 . 

    상세보기

69. Dhiman RK . Gut microbiota and hepatic encephalopathy . Metab. Brain Dis. 2013 ; 28 : 321 – 326 . 

    상세보기

70. Wright G , Davies NA , Shawcross DL et al . Endotoxemia produces coma and brain swelling in bile duct ligated rats . Hepatology 2007 ; 45 : 1517 – 1526 . 

71. Shukla S , Shukla A , Mehboob S , Guha S . Meta‐analysis: the effects of gut flora modulation using prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics on minimal hepatic encephalopathy . Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2011 ; 33 : 662 – 671 . 

    상세보기

72. Huang B , Zhao J , Unkeless JC , Feng ZH , Xiong H . TLR signaling by tumor and immune cells: a double‐edged sword . Oncogene 2008 ; 27 : 218 – 224 . 

    상세보기

73. Yu LX , Yan HX , Liu Q et al . Endotoxin accumulation prevents carcinogen‐induced apoptosis and promotes liver tumorigenesis in rodents . Hepatology 2010 ; 52 : 1322 – 1333 . 

74. Dapito DH , Mencin A , Gwak GY et al . Promotion of hepatocellular carcinoma by the intestinal microbiota and TLR4 . Cancer Cell 2012 ; 21 : 504 – 516 . 

    상세보기

75. Maeda S . NF‐kappaB, JNK, and TLR signaling pathways in hepatocarcinogenesis . Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2010 ; 2010 : 367694 . 

76. Karin M , Greten FR . NF‐kappaB: linking inflammation and immunity to cancer development and progression . Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2005 ; 5 : 749 – 759 .